PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Describe PULMONARY CIRCUIT
A
- P.Arteries
- Lungs
- P.Veins
- Back to heart
Deoxygenated
2
Q
Descibe the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
A
- Aorta
- Body
- Vena cava
- Back to heart
Oxygenated
3
Q
Define MYOGENIC
A
- heart’s capacity generate its own electrical impulse
4
Q
Where is the heart’s impulse transmitted through?
A
cardiac muscle to stimulate contraction
5
Q
Define DIASTOLE
A
RELAXATION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery
6
Q
Define SYSTOLE
A
- CONTRACTION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery
7
Q
Define HEART RATE w/ typical resting values.
A
no. of times the heart beats per minute
T - 50
U - 70-72
8
Q
Define STROKE VOLUME w/ typical resting values
A
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
T - 100ml
U - 70ml
9
Q
Define CARDIAC OUTPUT w/typical resting values
A
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
T+U - 5l/min
10
Q
Define bradycardia
A
HR below 60bpm
11
Q
What is the pathway of blood on RHS? (VAVVVA)
A
Vena cava
right Atrium
tricuspid Valve
right Ventricle
semilunar Valves
pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Deoxygenated
12
Q
What is the equation for cardiac output ?
A
HR x SV = Q
13
Q
Describe the CARDIAC CYCLE
A
- Atrio-Ventricular Diastole
- Atrial Systole
- Ventricular Systole
14
Q
Describe the process of the CONDUCTION SYSTEM
(SABBP)
A
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle of branches
Purkinje Fibres
15
Q
Describe Stage 1 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle
Diastole
A
- Atria + Ventricles relax
- No impulse
16
Q
Describe Stage 2 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle
Atrial Systole
A
- Atria contract
- Impulse from SA to AV Node
17
Q
Describe Stage 3 of the conduction system + Cardiac cycle
Ventricular Systole
A
- Blood forced from ventricles to aorta + P.Artery
- Impulse from Bundle of His –> Purkinje Fibres
18
Q
function of SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A
- responsible for increasing HR via accelerator nerve
19
Q
Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A
system responsible for decreasing HR via vagus nerve
20
Q
Function of MEDULLA OBLONGATA
A
control autonomic functions
21
Q
Define CCC and its location
A
Cardiac Contol Centre
Medulla Oblongata
22
Q
Define HORMONAL
A
containing a hormone/hormones
23
Q
Define VENOUS RETURN
A
- return of the blood to the right atria
24
Q
Functions of ADRENALINE + NORADRENALINE
A
- secreted from adrenal glands
- Increase HR + SV
25
Define FIRING RATE
- amount of neurons firing at a given time
26
What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?
- pocket valves
- smooth muscle
- gravity
- muscle pump
- respiratory pump
27
What is the RCC ?
Respiratory Control Centre
28
What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?
- expiratory centre
- inspiratory centre
29
What nerve is linked with the EC and where does it go to ?
INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles
30
What nerve is linked with the IC and where does it go to ?
PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm
31
What are the 3 components of the VASCULAR SHUNT ?
- vasoconstriction
- vasodialation
- pre-capillary sphinter
32
What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?
- Widening of arteries, arterioles, + pre-capillary sphincters
33
What is VASODILATION ?
when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow
34
How does temperature link to venous return ?
temp. increases - viscosity decrease - SV + Q increase = VR increase
35
What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?
- concentration of gas in a space
36
What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?
difference between high + low pressure
| Larger gradient = more diffusion
37
What is DIFFUSION ?
movement of gas from an area of high to low pressure
38
What are the 2 "features" at the EXTERNAL SITE ?
alveoli and capillary
39
What are the 2 "features" of the INTERNAL SITE ?
muscle fibre and capillary
40
What is a partially permeable membrane ?
a membrane that is one cell thick
41
After the external site, where does the blood go ?
LA
LV
AORTA
MUSCLE
42
How many oxygen dissociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?
2
43
How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?
an equal amount to partial pressure
44
HR : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- SM - 100 - 130bpm
- M - 220 - Age
45
HEART RATE : SM + M : TRAINED
- SM - 95 - 120bpm
- M - 220 - Age
46
STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- 100 - 120 ml
47
STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : TRAINED
- 160 - 200 ml
48
CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- SM - 10 - 15 l/min
- M - 20 - 30 l/min
49
BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : T+U
U - 40 - 50 br/m
T - 50 - 60 br/m
50
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : T+U
- U - 2.5 - 3 l
- T - 3 - 3.5 l
51
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : T+U
- T - 160 - 210 l/min
- U - 100 - 150 l/min
52
Effects of Heat on the CV System (2)
decreased stroke volume
decreased venous return
53
% of blood at rest
80-85% other organs
15-20% muscles
54
% of blood during exercise
20% other organs
80% working muscles
55
% of blood during exercise
20% other organs
80% working muscles
56
Function of Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Nerves in the blood
Allow arterioles to vasoconstrict/dilate
57
2 main functions of the respiratory system
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Gaseous Exchange
58
Pathway of air through through lungs
- Mouth/Nose
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- RBCs
59
Breathing Frequency w/typical resting values
- no. of inspirations/expirations per min.
T - 11-12 br/m
U - 12-15 br/m
60
Define Tidal Volume w/ typical resting values
- vol. of air inspired/expired per breath
- T+U - 0.5l
61
Minute Ventilation w/typical resting values
Vol. of air inspired/expired per min.
T - 5.5 - 6 l/min
U - 6 7.5 l/min
62
Role of arterioles
- Carry O2 blood from arteries to capillary bed
- Vasoconstrict/Dilate to regulate blood flow
63
Role + location of the VCC?
- reponsible for Q distribution in medulla oblongata
64
What is the Vasomotor Tone?
- Partial state of smooth muscle constriction in arterial walls
65
Vasomotor Control + what does it detect?
Chemoreceptors - Chemical changes in CO2 + LA
Baroreceptors - Pressure changes on arterial walls
66
What does info recieved from VCC lead to?
- ±sympathetic simulation = ±blood flow to an area
67
Define Sub-Maximal Intensity
- Low-Moderate intensity within aerobic capacity
68
2 factors increasing SV
- VR
- Frank-Starling mechanism
69
Define Maximal Intensity
- High intensity above aerobic capacity inducing fatigue
70
Define Maximal Intensity
- High intensity above aerobic capacity, inducing fatigue
71
3 components of neural control in CCC + what they detect
- Proprioreceptors - increased movement
- Chemoreceptors - decreased blood pH due to LA + CO2
- Baroreceptors - increased blood pressure
72
2 Components of intrinsic controlin CCC w/effect on body - CCC
- Temperature - changes affect blood viscosity
- VR - changes affect SV
73
2 factors of hormonal control and their function - VCC
Adrenaline + Noradrenaline - Increase SV + HR
74
Main component of chemical control in RCC + what does it detect
- Chemoreceptors - Changes in CO2 + blood acidity
75
Neural control in RCC + what they detect
- Thermoreceptors - Increase in blood temp.
- Proprioreceptors - Motor activity in muscles + joints
- Baroreceptors - State of lung inflation
76
Role of the IC
- Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest + during exercise
77
Role of the EC
- stimulates additional expiratory muscles during exercise
78
2 nerves causing the rhythmic cycle of breathing
- intercostal nerve
- phrenic nerve
79
What does the Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve show?
relationship between pO2 + % of saturated hb
80
Define Dissociation
- Release of O2 from hb for GE
81
Movement of gases during external respiration at rest
- pO2 - High in A to low in CB
- CO2 - High in CB to low in A
82
Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at rest
- pO2 - High in CB to low in MC
- pCO2 - High in MC to low in CB
83
Movement of gases during External Respiration at exercise
- pO2 - High in A to lower in CB
- pCO2 - High in CB to lower in A
84
Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at exercise
- pO2 - High in CB blood to lower in MC
- pCO2 - High in MC to lower in CB
85
How is O2 transported in the body?
- 97% hb
- 3% blood plasma
86
How is CO2 transported in the body?
- 70% carbonic acid
- 23% hb
- 7% blood plasma
87
What does the Bohr Shift show?
- Move in O2hb curve to the right causing acidic bloodstream
88
3 Effects of the Bohr Shift
- Increased Blood + Muscle Temp.
- Increased pCO2
- Higher Lactic + Carbonic Acid prod.
89
1 impact of bohr shift on performance
- Higher Vol. of O2 = quicker diffusion = more aerobic energy
90
What is the only Passive process during the mechanics of breathing?
- Expiration at rest
91
2 features of inspiration at rest
- Ext. Intercostals contract
- Diaphragm contracts + flattens
| Both increase chest size
92
Inspiration during exercise
- Same as at rest
- SCM lifts sternum
- Scalene + pectoralis minor contract
93
Effect of inspiration during exercise
- Thoracic cavity vol. increases
- Air enters lungs quicker due to lower pressure
94
Expiration at rest
- Ext. Intercostals relax
- Diaphragm relaxes + bulges up
| Reduces Chest Cavity
95
Expiration during exercise
- Same as at rest
- Int. Intercostals + Rectus Abdominus contract
96
Effect of Expiration during exercise
- Thoracic cavity vol. decreases
- Air forced out quickly due to higher pressure
97
Venoconstriction
Narrowing of veins + venules
98
Venodialtion
- Widening of veins + venules
99
Pathway of Blood on LHS (VAVVVA)
- pulmonary Vein
- L.Atrium
- bicuspid Valve
- L.Ventricle
- semilunar Valve
- Aorta
- Body
| Oxygenated
100
Equation for Minute Ventilation
VE = TV x f
101
Define Vascular Schunt Mechanism
- Redistribution of Q from rest to exercise, increasing blood flow
102
VSM at rest
- Arterioles to organs vasodilate
- PCS to capillary beds vasodilate
| Increased blood flow
103
VSM during exercise
- Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict
- PCS to capillary beds vasoconstrict
| decreased blood flow
