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A-Level PE > PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 classification continua ?

A
  • environment
  • pacing
  • organisation
  • muscular involvement
  • difficulty
  • continuity
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2
Q

What skills are in the environmental continua ?

A

open / closed

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3
Q

What skills are in the pacing continua ?

A

self-paced/externally-paced

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4
Q

What skills are in the organisation continua ?

A

high / low

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5
Q

What skills are in the muscular involvement continua ?

A

fine / gross

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6
Q

What skills are in the difficulty continua ?

A

simple / complex

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7
Q

What skills are in the continuity continua ?

A

discrete / serial / continuous

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8
Q

What is POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when one skill aids the learning of another
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9
Q

What is an example of POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A

golf - cricket

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10
Q

What is NEGATIVE TRANSFER

A
  • learning of one skill inhibits the learning of another
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11
Q

Give an example of NEGATIVE Transfer

A

Basketball - Netball
Jumpshot

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12
Q

What is PROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill learned previously is used to help one being currently learned
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13
Q

Give an example of PROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

basketball - netball (pass)

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14
Q

What is RETROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill being learned interferes with a skill already learned
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15
Q

Give an example of RETROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

when a netball player returns to netball after playing basketball, they may travel

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16
Q

What is BILATERAL TRANSFER ?

A
  • transfer of a skill to your non-dominant hand/foot
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17
Q

2 ways of minimising negative transfer

A

Avoid teaching similar skills
Make practice sessions game-related

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18
Q

2 ways of optimising +ve transfer

A
  • Ensure previous skills are well learnt
  • +ve reinforcement
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19
Q

Example of Law of Exercise

A
  • Dribbling practice strengthens S-R
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20
Q

Example of Law of Effect

A
  • +ve comments about dribbling strengthen S-R, -ve comments weaken S-R
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21
Q

Example of Law of Readiness

A
  • injury prevents performer mentally + physically from dribbling again
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22
Q

Example of Negative Reinforcement to learn skills

A
  • teacher stops shouting when lay-up is performed w/correct footwork
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23
Q

Example of Positive Reinforcement to learn skills

A
  • Rewarding a player for correct footwork in a lay-up
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24
Q

Example of Punishment used to learn skills.

A
  • When teacher shouts at player for using incorrect footwork they will learn not to use the wrong footwork again
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25
Positives of Operant Conditioning
- Reinforces required S-R - Can be used with all stages of learning
26
Negative of Operant Conditioning
- Performer might expect rewards every time new skill is learnt
27
Define Positive Reinforcement
- stimulus is given when desired response occurs
28
Define Negative Reinforcement
- unpleasant stimulus is withdrawn when desired response occurs
29
Describe 3 methods used to learn skills using operant conditioning
- Negative Reinforcement - Punishment - Positive Reinforcement
30
Describe Cognitive Learning Theory
- We learn best through whole practice
31
2 main concepts of CLT
- Insight Learning - Intervening Variables
32
Insight Learning | CLT
Previous Experiences + Problem solving develop insight + understanding
33
Intervening Variables | CLT
- Mental processes involved in decision making
34
Describe Bandura's Social Learning Theory
- Behaviour is copied through imitating significant others
35
4 processes of Bandura's model of social learning
- Attention - Retention - Motor Reproduction - Motivation
36
Attention
- Ability to focus on important cues
37
Retention
- Ability to remember motor skill
38
Motor Reproduction
- Being physically/mentally able to perform motor skill
39
Motivation
- Being motivated to imitate performance
40
5 types of transfer
- Proactive - Retroactive - Positive - Negative - Bilateral
41
4 learning theories
- Operant Conditioning - Thorndike's Laws - CLT - SLT
42
Gross Skill w/example
- Large Muscle Groups - Shotput
43
Fine Skill w/example
- Small Muscle Groups - Throwing Darts
44
Open Skill w/example
- Easily affected by environment - Chest Pass, Basketball
45
Closed skill w/example
- Unaffected by environment - Free throw, basketball
46
Discrete skill w/example
- Clear Beginning + End - Penalty, football
47
Serial skill w/example
- Group of discrete skills - Sequence of skills in triple jump
48
Continuous skill w/example
- No clear beginning/end - Swimming
49
Externally-Paced skill w/example
- Environment controls rate of performance - Chest Pass, Basketball
50
Self-Paced skill w/example
- Performer controls rate of performance - Free throw, Basketball
51
Simple Skill w/example
- Requires low perceptual load - Swimming
52
Complex skill w/example
- Requires high perceptual load - Somersault
53
Low org. skill w/example
- Easily broken into sub-routines - Trampoline sequence
54
High Org. Skill w/example
- Harder to break into sub-routines - Cartwheel
55
Example of Bilateral Transfer
- Having a left + right hand layup in basketball
56
Describe the learning theory of Operant Conditioning
- We learn best through trial + error
57
3 of Thorndike's laws of operant conditioning
- Law of Effect - Law of Exercise - Law of Readiness
58
Cognitive Stage of Learning | 2 Characteristics
- Inconsistent skills - movts. lack fluency - trial + error
59
Describe the Associative Stage of Learning
- Still lack some consistency - Movements not fully fluent - Practice stage
60
Autonomous Stage of Learning | 2 Characteristics
- Movts. almost automatic - Strong kinaesthetic feel - Less of a need for external feedback
61
3 factors affecting successful modelling
- Clear Demonstrations - Motivated Observer - Significant + Similar to performer

A-Level PE (25 decks)

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