PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
A
- muscle changes length, producing movement
2
Q
Define CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/ example
A
- muscle shortens, producing tension
- e.g. bicep curl (upwards)
3
Q
Define ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/example
A
- muscle lengthens producing tension
- e.g. bicep curl (downwards)
4
Q
Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION w/example
A
- muscle contracts, but no change in movement/length
- e.g. holding a plank
5
Q
What are FIXATORS ?
A
- muscle that STABILISES one body part while another one moves
6
Q
Define FLEXION
A
decreasing the angle between bones + joint
7
Q
Define EXTENSION
A
- increasing the angle between bone + joint
8
Q
Define LATERAL
A
- towards the outside
9
Q
Define MEDIAL
A
towards the middle
10
Q
Define POSTERIOR
A
towards the back
11
Q
Define ANTERIOR
A
towards the front
12
Q
What movement occurs at the WRIST ?
A
- flexion
- extension
13
Q
What movement occurs at the ELBOW ?
A
- flexion
- extension
14
Q
What movement occurs at SHOULDER ?
A
- flexion + extension
- adduction + abduction
- medial rotation + lateral rotation
- horizontal flexion + extension
- circumduction
15
Q
What movement occurs at the HIP ?
A
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
16
Q
What movement occurs at the KNEE ?
A
- flexion
- extension
17
Q
What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?
A
- plantar flexion
- dorsi flexion
18
Q
What are the three muscle types ?
A
- slow oxidative (type 1)
- fast oxidative (type 2)
- fast glycolytic (type 2b)
19
Q
What are SO muscle fibres designed to do?
give example
A
- Energy for sub max. aerobic work
- Low contractile force
- Individual fibres recover quickly
20
Q
What are FOG muscle fibres designed to do ?
A
- produce large amounts of force quickly
- can resist fatigue
21
Q
What are FG muscle fibres designed to do ?
A
- Last 2-10s of contraction where max effort is needed quickly
- Accompanied by eccentric muscle fibre damage, causing DOMS
22
Q
Function of a MOTOR NEURON
A
transmits NERVE IMPULSEs to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES
23
Q
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?
A
- carries ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across SYNAPTIC CLEFT to MUSCLE FIBRE
24
Q
Define AEROBIC
A
exercise in the presence of oxygen
low intensity
long-duration
25
Define ANAEROBIC
high intensity
short-duration
exercise without the presence of oxygen
26
Define FATIGUE
- SUBJECTIVE feeling of tiredness w/a GRADUAL ONSET
27
Define ELASTICITY
ABILITY of an object/material to return to its normal shape after being stretched or compressed
28
What is a motor neuron?
- Carry signals from CNS to effectors
29
What is a Neurotransmitter? w/example
- transmits an impulse from nerve cell to nerve cell, muscle, organ, or tissue.
- ACH
30
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
31
What are the 4 quadricep muscles?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
32
5 functions of the skeleton
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- RBC production
- Mineral Store
33
What is an agonist?
- Produces a movement
34
What is an antagonist?
- Opposes produced movement
35
Define Joint
- where two or more bones articulate to create movement
36
5 features of a synovial joint
- Ligament
- Synovial fluid
- Articular Cartilage
- Joint Capsule
- Bursa
37
Movements at the Sagittal plane
- Flexion + Extension
- Plantar + Dorsi Flexion
38
Movements at the Frontal plane
- Abduction + Adduction
39
Movements at the Transverse Plane
- Horizontal Flexion + Extension
- Rotation
40
2 ball + socket joints
- Shoulder
- Hip
41
3 hinge joints
- Elbow
- Knee
- Ankle
42
Only Condyloid Joint
- Wrists
43
Movements at ball + socket joint
- Flexion + Extension
- Abduction + Adduction
- Horizontal Flexion + Extension
- Medial + Lateral Rotation
44
Movements at hinge joint
- Flexion + Extension
- Plantar + Dorsi Flexion
45
Movements at condyloid joint
- Flexion + Extension
- Abduction + Adduction
46
Articulating bones at shoulder
- Humerus + Scapula
47
Articulating bones at Elbow
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
48
Articulating bones at wrist
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
49
Articulating bones at hip
- Femur
- Pelvic Girdle
50
Articulating bones at knee
- Femur
- Tibia
51
Articulating bones at ankle
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Talus
52
Agonist + Antagonist during wrist flexion
- Ag.- Wrist Flexors
- Ant.- Wrist Extensors
53
Agonist + Antagonist during Elbow flexion
- Ag. - Bicep Brachii
- Ant. - Tricep Brachii.
54
Agonist + Antagonist during Shoulder flexion
- Ag. - Anterior Deltoid
- Ant. - Posterior Deltoid
55
Agonist + Antagonist during hip flexion
- Ag. - Iliopsoas
- Ant. - Gluteus Maximus
56
Agonist + Antagonist during knee flexion
- Ag. - Bicep Femoris... (Hamstring Group)
- Ant. - Rectus Femoris... (Quad Group)
57
Agonist + Antagonist during dorsi flexion
- Ag. - Tibialis Anterior
- Ant. - Gastrocnemius + Soleus
58
2 types of isotonic contraction
- Eccentric
- Concentric
59
Define Action Potential
- +ve electrical charge conducting nerve impulses down a motor neuron into muscle fibres
60
Stage 1 of Muscular Contraction
- Nerve Impulse initiated in motor neuron cell body
61
Stage 2 of Muscular Contraction
- NI conducted down axon of motor neuron by AP to synaptic cleft
62
Stage 3 of Muscular Contraction
- Neurotransmitter ACH secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct NI across gap
63
Stage 4 of Muscular Contraction
- electrical charge above threshold = muscle fibre contracts
64
Stage 5 of Muscular Contraction
- All or none Law = complete contraction/none at all
65
Define DOMS
- Pain + Stiffness in muscles associated w/eccentric contraction
66
Example of SO fibre in sport
Endurance Athletes - Marathons
67
Example of FOG fibres in sport
High Intensity Athletes - 800 - 1500m
68
Example of FG fibres in sport
Explosive athletes - 100m sprint
69
Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of SO
- High
70
Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of FOG
Moderate
71
Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of FG
Low
72
Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of SO
High
73
Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of FOG
Moderate
74
Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of FG
Low
75
2 structural characteristics
- Mitochondria Density
- Myoglobin Density
76
2 functional characteristics
- Fatigue Resistance
- Aerobic Capacity
77
What is a ligament?
- Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
78
Function of a ligament
- Connect bone to bone + stabilise joints during movement
79
Pocket Valves
- Prevent backflow of blood
80
Muscular Pump
- squeeze on veins + push blood back to heart
81
Gravity
- aids in moving blood from upper body back to heart
82
Smooth Muscle
- venoconstricts to push blood back to heart
83
Respiratory Pump
- Returns blood from thoracic cavity + abdomen back to heart
