Part 91 - D (Instrument flight Rules) Flashcards
What are the minimum flight crew requirements for IFR?
Must not operate single pilot unless;
- Aircraft flight manual authorises the operation
- Aircraft is fitted with communication equipment that can be operated without releasing the flight controls
What are the minimum fuel requirements for flights under IFR?
Taking into account met reports and forecasts, it carries sufficient fuel to;
- No alternate: fly for 45 minutes at holding speed at 1500ft above destination aerodrome level, or for 30 minutes if the aircraft is a turbine powered aircraft
- Alternate: Fly to destination, and then on to the alternate, and be able to fly overhead alternate at 1500ft AGL for 45 minutes or for 30 minutes if the aircraft is turbine powered.
When must the PiC list an alternate for an IFR flight?
Must always list an alternate unless;
-Destination has a standard instrument approach listed in the applicable AIP; and
-At time of flight plan submission, the met forecasts for ETA +/- 1 hour indicate that
=Ceiling is at least 1000ft above published minima for the expected instrument approach
=visibility will be at least 5km or 2000m more than the published minima in AIP, whichever is more restrictive
What requirements must be met for an aerodrome to be listed as an IFR alternate?
-Must not list it unless;
-met forecasts indicate at the ETA, the ceiling and visibility are above the following met minima:
=If published, AIP minima for specific instrument approach procedure
=Precision: Ceiling 600ft or DA+200, vis 3000m or 1000m above minima (whichever is most restrictive)
=Non Precision: Ceiling 800ft or MDA+200, vis 4000m or 1500m above minima (whichever is greater)
=If no instrument approach procedure: ceiling and visibility minima for VFR once below MDA
-Aerodrome must have secondary electric power available for Ground nav aids required for instrument approach and for lighting.
additional part 19 requirement if doing GNSS
What must the PiC do in regards to an IFR flight plan?
- Submit a flight plan to appropriate ATS unit for any IFR flight
- Submit plan at least 30 minutes prior to beginning of flight
- Provide flight ID, a/c type, wake turbulence category, comm and nav equipment carried, ETD and departure AD, Cruise speed, altitude, route, Destination, EET, alternate, etc.
- advise ATS ASAP of any delay in excess of 30 minutes
- terminate flight plan as soon as practicable on landing
Under what conditions can a PiC deviate from flight plan?
- When a request for change has been made and clearance obtained
- In an emergency with requires an immediate action to deviate from flight plan.
- PiC must notify ATS as soon as possible.
When en-route, how must a pilot fly the aeroplane?
- Operate along the defined centreline of the route
- Operate directly between nav aids or points defining the route
- Operate along centreline of offset or parallel routes specified by ATC
If you inadvertently deviate from flight plan route, what should you do? What changes to parameters constitute a change?
-Advise ATS of:
=Any deviation form track
=Any variation of Tastes of 5% or Mach by 0.01
=A revised ETA when current ETA is found to be in error of more than 2 minutes
-Must regain track as soon as possible
When carrying dangerous goods, when must ATS be informed?
-ASAP when an inflight emergency arises -by the PiC
or if the operator becomes aware of an emergency, as soon as possible.
What are acceptable forms of visual reference on an aerodrome? (9)
- Approach lighting system
- Threshold markings
- Threshold lights
- Runway end identification lighting
- VASI or PAPI
- Touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings
- Touchdown zone lighting
- Runway or runway markings
- Runway lights
What is the reduced takeoff minima? What are requirements to be able to carry out a reduced minima takeoff?
0ft ceiling, 800m visibility
- Runway used has centreline marking or lights
- Visibility is confirmed by PiC by observing centreline marking or lighting
- Reduced take off minima published in applicable AIP
- Obstacles in take off path are taken into account
- If aircraft is a twin, it must have an operative auto feather or auto coarse system.
If there are varying MDA/DA/DH minima prescribed for the plane, pilot or instrument approach procedure, which one should be used?
Highest of the 3
How must an aircraft operate below MDA/DA/DH?
Must not continue below unless:
- a/c is continuously in a position from which it can land on the intended runway, at normal RoD, using normal manoeuvres, that allows touchdown in the touchdown zone
- Visibility is not less than the published minima for that IAP
- Except for CAT II/ CAT III at least 1 visual reference is always maintained
What conditions are normally required for a take-off under IFR?
-Above weather minima published in the AIP for that aerodrome
-If minima are not published;
=300ft ceiling, 1500m visibility
How must a pilot operate when icing conditions are present?
- Shall not take-off with snow, ice or frost adhering to any propeller, windscreen, power plant, or flight instrument systems, or any wings, stabilisers or control surfaces
- Shall not fly into known or forecast icing conditions unless certified with ice protection equipment for flight in that type of icing
- May take off with snow, ice or frost, as long as it is operated in accordance with flight manual, instructions from the manufacturer for those conditions
- May disregard ice protection requirements if forecasts change and indicate that conditions will not be present
