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Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards > Patho - FA 220 - 229 Neoplasia > Flashcards

Patho - FA 220 - 229 Neoplasia Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

tissue origin of carcinoma vs sarcoma?

A

Carcinoma implies epithelial origin, whereas sarcoma denotes mesenchymal origin.

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2
Q

define hamartoma and choristoma

A

Hamartoma (disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native location, eg, Peutz-Jeghers polyps) and Choristoma (normal tissue in a foreign location, eg, gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulum).

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3
Q

define anaplasia

A

—complete lack of differentiation of cells in a malignant neoplasm

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4
Q

What leads to the ability of cancer to continuously replicate?

A

Reactivation of telomerase –>maintenance and lengthening of telomeres –>prevention of chromosome shortening and cell aging.

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5
Q

Warburg effect?

A

Shift of glucose metabolism away from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis.

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6
Q

How do tumor cells decrease immune response against them? (regarding cancer immune therapies) What are the Targets for the immune therapies?

A
  1. Interaction between PD-1 (on T cells) and PD-L1/2 (on tumor cells or immune cells in tumor microenvironment) –> T cell dysfunction (exhaustion).
    Rx. Ab vs PD1 - pembrolizumab, nivolumab or vs PDL1 - durvalumab, atezolizumab, avelumab
  2. CTLA-4 on T cells outcompetes CD28 for B7 on APCs –>loss of T cell costimulatory signal.
    Rx. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody)
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7
Q

Cancer rx that fight T cell exhaustion?

A

Inhibited by antibodies against PD-1 (eg, pembrolizumab, nivolumab) or
PD-L1 (eg, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab).

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8
Q

How is T cell co stimulatory signal lost in neoplasia? Rx that fights it?

A

CTLA-4 on T cells outcompetes CD28 for B7 on APCs –>loss of T cell costimulatory signal. Inhibited by ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody)

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9
Q

Most common cancers in men (incidence)?

A
  1. Prostate 2. Lung 3. Colon/rectum
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10
Q

most common cancers that cause mortality in men?

A
  1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon/rectum
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11
Q

Most common cancers in women?

A
  1. Breast 2. Lung 3. Colon/rectum
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12
Q

Most common cancers that cause mortality in women?

A
  1. Lung 2. Breast 3. Colon/rectum
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13
Q

Most common cancers in children (incidence & mortality)?

A
  1. Leukemia 2. CNS 3. Neuroblastoma
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14
Q

1 cause of death in US?

A

Heart disease

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15
Q

Most common cancer - what types?

A

Skin cancer (basal > squamous&raquo_space; melanoma) is the most common cancer

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16
Q

How do sarcomas and carcinomas usually spread?

A

Most sarcomas spread hematogenously; most carcinomas spread via lymphatics

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17
Q

Which carcinomas spread hematogenously?

A

Four Carcinomas Route Hematogenously: Follicular thyroid carcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, and Hepatocellular carcinoma.

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18
Q

Which tumors commonly metastasize to the brain?

A

Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney.

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19
Q

Which tumors commonly metastasize to the liver?

A

Colon&raquo_space; Stomach > Pancreas (Cancer Sometimes Penetrates liver).

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20
Q

Which tumors commonly metastasize to the bone?

A

Prostate, Breast > Kidney, Thyroid, Lung (Painful Breasts Kill The Lungs to the Bone).

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21
Q

Most common sites of metastasis (other than lymph nodes) for GI cancers (colon,stomach, pancreas)?

A

Liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes.

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22
Q

Bone cancers are more likely to occur where?

A

axial skeleton

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23
Q

3 types of bone metastasis?

A

Bone metastasis can be: ƒ Lytic (non Hodgkins, non-small cell lung cancer, RCC, melanoma, multiple myeloma) ƒ Blastic (eg, prostate, small cell lung cancer, Hodgkins) ƒ Mixed (eg, breast, GI)

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24
Q

Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: ALK

A

ALK - Receptor tyrosine kinase; Lung Adenocarcinoma (Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Kinase)

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25
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: BCR-ABL
non receptor tyrosine kinase; CML, ALL
26
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: BCL-2
antiapoptotic; Follicular and diffuse large B Cell Lymphomas
27
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: BRAF
ser/thr kinase; Melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia ``` BRAF 4 letters Melanoma Non Hodkin Oh Hairy cell Papillary thyroid ```
28
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: c-kit
CytoKIne receptor; Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) (I'll give you the GIST if you seek it (c-kit) )
29
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: c-myc
Transcription factor; Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc rhymes with Burkitt)
30
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: Her2/neu (c-erbB2)
Receptor tyrosine kinase Breast and gastric carcinoma (Her2 new boobs give me butterflies in the stomach)
31
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: JAK2
Tyrosine kinase; Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
32
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: KRAS
GTPase; Colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer KRAS - CLAS (Colon, Lung, pancreAS)
33
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: MYCL1
Transcription factor; Lung tumor
34
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: N-myc
Transcription factor; Neuroblastoma
35
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: RET
Receptor tyrosine kinase; MEN 2A and 2B, papillary thyroid carcinoma RET (wREcks the Thyroid - who does? MEN)
36
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: APC
Negative regulator of β-catenin/WNT pathway; Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP) APC = A Poopy Colon
37
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: BRCA1, BRCA2
DNA repair protein Breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer
38
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: CDKN2A
p16, blocks G1 --> S phase Melanoma, pancreatic cancer CDKN2A - No 2nd Amendment - blocks Guns from Shooting - N2A stops G1--> S. p16 - 16 yr olds drink and stay out in the sun - melanoma, pancreas cancer
39
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: DCC
DCC—Deleted in Colon Cancer Colon cancer
40
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: SMAD4
DPC—Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancer
41
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: MEN1
Menin Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1
42
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: NF1
Neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) Neurofibromatosis type 1
43
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: NF2
Merlin (schwannomin) protein; Neurofibromatosis type 2
44
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: PTEN
Negative regulator of PI3k/AKT pathway; Breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer PTEN = Prostate Tits Endometrial Neoplasia
45
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: Rb
Inhibits E2F; blocks G1 -->S phase Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Rb = Retinoblastoma + Bone cancer
46
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: Tp53
p53, activates p21, blocks G1 --> S phase; Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (multiple malignancies at early age, aka, SBLA cancer syndrome: Sarcoma, Breast, Leukemia, Adrenal gland)
47
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: TSC1
Hamartin protein Tuberous sclerosis
48
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: TSC2
Tuberin protein Tuberous sclerosis - TSC2 - 2-berin
49
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: VHL
Inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor 1a; von Hippel-Lindau disease HIPpel = HIFfel (HIF for hypoxia inducible factor)
50
Name the gene product and assoc neoplasm: WT1
``` Transcription factor that regulates urogenital development Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) ```
51
3 tumor suppressor genes that stop G1 --> S
Rb, p53, p16 (CDKN2A)
52
Cancers associated with EBV?
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1° CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
53
Cancers associated with HBV, HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
54
Cancers associated with HHV8
Kaposi sarcoma
55
Cancers associated with HPV
Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma (types 16, 18), head and neck cancer
56
Cancers associated with H pylori
Gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma
57
Cancers associated with HTLV1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
58
Cancers associated with Liver fluke
Cholangiocarcinoma
59
Cancers associated with Schistosoma?
Squamous cell bladder cancer
60
Cancer associated with alfatoxins?
hepatocellular carcinoma
61
Cancer associated with dyes (textiles) and cigarette smoke?
Exposure to aromatic amines: | Bladder cancer - transitional cell carcinoma
62
A person that works with herbicides or metal smelting is at risk for?
Arsenic poisoning: Angiosarcoma of liver Lung cancer Squamous cell carcinoma
63
Exposure to old roofing material or shipyards risk for?
Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma
64
A person that eats too much smoked food at risk for?
Gastric cancer
65
A plumber is at risk for?
Angiosarcoma of the liver (exposure to vinyl chloride - used to make PVC pipes)
66
Disease associated with tumor marker alkaline phosphatase?
Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma (placental ALP).
67
Disease associated with tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein?
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor, Mixed germ cell tumor, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Neural tube defects. (HE-MAN is the alpha male!)
68
Disease associated with tumor marker hcG
HCG Hydatidiform moles Choriocarcinomas (Gestational trophoblastic disease), G - Gonads (testicular cancer), mixed Germ cell tumor.
69
Disease associated with tumor marker CA 15-3/CA 27-29
Breast cancer.
70
Disease associated with tumor marker CA 19-9
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
71
Disease associated with tumor marker CA 125
Ovarian cancer.
72
Disease associated with tumor marker Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (alone and in MEN2A, MEN2B).
73
Disease associated with tumor marker CEA
colorectal and pancreatic cancers. C-colon pancrEAs
74
Disease associated with tumor marker Chromogranin
Neuroendocrine tumors.
75
Disease associated with tumor marker LDH
LDH | Testicular germ cell tumors, ovarian dysgerminoma, other cancers.
76
Disease associated with tumor marker Neuron-specific enolase
Neuroendocrine tumors (eg, small cell lung cancer, carcinoid tumor, neuroblastoma
77
Disease associated with tumor marker PSA
prostate cancer
78
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? Chromogranin and synaptophysin
Neuroendocrine cells; Small cell carcinoma of the lung, carcinoid tumor
79
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? Cytokeratin
Epithelial cells; Epithelial tumors (eg, squamous cell carcinoma)
80
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? | Desmin
Muscle; Muscle tumors (eg, rhabdomyosarcoma)
81
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? GFAP
NeuroGlia (eg, astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes) | Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma
82
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? Neurofilament
Neurons; Neuronal tumors (eg, neuroblastoma)
83
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? S-100
Neural crest cells; | Melanoma, schwannoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis
84
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? TRAP
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ; Hairy cell leukemia
85
This stain indicates what target cell? Assoc Tumor? Vimentin
``` Mesenchymal tissue (eg, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages) Mesenchymal tumors (eg, sarcoma), but also many other tumors (eg, endometrial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, meningioma) ```
86
Another name for multidrug resistance protein 1?
P-glycoprotein
87
Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification
Psammoma bodies
88
Where are Psammoma bodies seen?
ƒ Papillary carcinoma of thyroid ƒ Somatostatinoma ƒ Meningioma ƒ Malignant Mesothelioma ƒ Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma ƒ Prolactinoma (Milk)
89
Mediators of cachexia?
TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, and IL-6.

Step 1 2019 First Aid Flashcards (63 decks)

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