Pathology of obstuctilve lung disease

Question 1

what type of hypersensitivity is astma

Answer 1

1

Question 2

what cells are responsible for an astma attack

Answer 2

mast

Question 3

what defincity makes you more suspecepitle to bronchitei and empyseam

Answer 3

aplah - 1 antiporase - antrypsin

Question 4

what is the clincal definition for chronci bronchitis

Answer 4

cough producitve of pspum most days in at least 3 consequctim months for 2 or more consecutive years

Question 5

what change does broncitis cause in large and small aiway

Answer 5

large airways, mough gland hyperplaia, goblet cell hyperplasia, inlmation and fibrosis is a minor complone
small airway, increase in goblet cells, inflatm and fibrosis

Question 6

what is emphysema

Answer 6

destuction of teh bronchile walls or dilationi of the bricon to increase airsawpce between ternal bonchiloes

Question 7

centriacinar ephyiam

Answer 7

damage to lung tisssues concentrated around respiarty bonciles yet presergin disalt alvelar duct and alveoli

Question 8

panacinar emphysema

Answer 8

associated with a1 antitrypsin decion, this destruction affect the whole acinus

Question 9

acinus

Answer 9

part of the lung contain aveloar duct, sac and blood vessels in the area and alveli

Question 10

Pericinar emphyseam

Answer 10

creasts a bulla, a large bulk under teh pleura, it is assoicaed with enlargment of the airspace at the edge of the acinar unit

Question 11

what does smoing cause to antiproseaw

Answer 11

an inbalacne due to increased amounts of it

Question 12

function of alpha 1 antiryspin

Answer 12

stops the breasdoin of eleastic proti by elastase In the lung. this prevent neurophils from damaging the lung when there is lots of infection

Question 13

what is refersibel in copd

Answer 13

the smooth musle tone and inflmation

Question 14

why does hypoxaemia occur in cop

Answer 14

reduced respiraty drive, loss of alelar sace, shunt

Question 15

why do vessles constict in cop

Answer 15

due to lack of airflwo, this means that there is pulmonary hypertension in the lungs

Question 16

core pulmonale

Answer 16

increase in the right side of the heart due to pulmonary hyperentions

Question 17

what is a secondary effect of pulmary hpertnesion

Answer 17

polycythaemeae

Question 18

functio of anti elasetea

Answer 18

stops proudcion of elasate which breaks donw lung in copd

Question 19

what is a primary micocoraction pathogneicty

Answer 19

it can infect anyone

Question 20

what is a opportuinst microorganism

Answer 20

it can only infected the immonsuppred

Question 21

what is a faculative microorganis

Answer 21

infect people with preexisting diseases such as asthma

Question 22

what cuases epiglottist

Answer 22

h influeza type a

Question 23

what cauases secondary epiglottitis

Answer 23

beta haemolytic streptococci

Question 24

what is the role of teh macrophage mucocilary escalator system

Answer 24

to raise up dust particels and remove them from the lungs

Question 25

what cell clears the lung of debri

Answer 25

marcophages

Question 26

what can pnumoia cause

Answer 26

loss of cytopatic effect and muscoicllary escalation and bronchial epithelium defence cells

Question 27

what is aspirating pneumoina

Answer 27

where after being sick air regurating gut comensuat enter the lung

Question 28

what are the atatomica classifcation of pneumonjia

Answer 28

bronchopneumonia, segmental and lobal

Question 29

what is hydrostaic pneumoa

Answer 29

edema at the bottom of the lungs

Question 31

what are the complications of pneumonia

Answer 31

absess, bronchiectatis, organsional issues such as constivive bronchaties or cryptogenic organising pneumonia

Question 32

what is airflow in the nose

Answer 32

laminar or turbulent

Question 33

what is normal pa02

Answer 33

10.5 - 13.5 kpa

Question 34

what is noramal co2

Answer 34

4.8- 6

Question 35

what is type 1 failure

Answer 35

less than 8ka

Question 36

what is type 2 resp failure

Answer 36

greater than 6.5 kpa

Question 37

what are the 4 abnormal states associaed wit hypoxemia

Answer 37

ventilation perusion inbalane diffusion impairment alveolar hypoventilation shunt

Question 38

what is ventilation perfusion mismatich

Answer 38

not enough ventation for blood in sysem

Question 39

whta is noral ventail perfusio ration

Answer 39

4litre / 5

Question 40

shunt

Answer 40

passage of blood from right side of heart to left side without contacting ventilated alveoli

Question 41

hypoxaemia

Answer 41

low conc of o2 in the blood

Question 42

what disease cuase ventilation perfusson mis match

Answer 42

bronchitis, broncholitis, bronhcopneueis, copd

Question 43

what diesase cause shunt in pneumonai

Answer 43

severe brnchopneumonia, lobar pattern with large areas of consolidation

Question 44

what diease cuase hypoventialation

Answer 44

copd, opiade poisint, perifal nerve damage