PHARM BASICS

Question 1

Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs)

Answer 1

Half-life (T1/2)

Question 2

Relates the amount of drug in the body to the plasma concentration

Answer 2

Volume of distribution (VD)

Question 3

Plasma concentration of a drug at a given time

Answer 3

Cp

Question 4

The ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug to its plasma concentration

Answer 4

Clearance (CL)

Question 5

The elimination of drug that occurs before it reaches the systemic circulation

Answer 5

First pass effect

Question 6

The fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration

Answer 6

Bioavailability (F)

Question 7

When the rate of drug input equals the rate of drug elimination

Answer 7

Steady state

Question 8

Different steps of Phase I

Answer 8

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Question 9

Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin all do this

Answer 9

Induce CYP450

Question 10

Cimetidine, ketoconazole, isoniazid, and grapefruit all do this

Answer 10

Inhibit CYP450

Question 11

Name 3 Phase II conjugation reactions

Answer 11

Glucuronidation, acetylation, glutathione conjugation, glycine conjugation, sulfation, methylation, water conjugation

Question 12

Constant percentage of drug metabolized per unit time

Answer 12

First order kinetics

Question 13

Constant amount of drug metabolized per unit time

Answer 13

Zero order kinetics

Question 14

Target plasma concentration times (volume of distribution divided by bioavailability)

Answer 14

Loading dose (Cp*(Vd/F))

Question 15

Concentration in the plasma times (clearance divided by bioavailability)

Answer 15

Maintenance dose (Cp*(CL/F))

Question 16

Strength of interaction between drug and its receptor

Answer 16

Affinity

Question 17

Selectivity of a drug for its receptor

Answer 17

Specificity

Question 18

Amount of drug necessary to elicit a biologic effect compared with another drug

Answer 18

Potency

Question 19

Ability of drug to produce the maximal biologic effect

Answer 19

Efficacy

Question 20

Ability of a drug to produce maximal response after binding to the receptor

Answer 20

Full agonist

Question 21

Ability to produce less than maximal response after binding to the receptor

Answer 21

Partial agonist

Question 22

Ability to bind reversibly to the same site as the drug and without activating the effector system

Answer 22

Competitive antagonist

Question 23

Ability to bind irreversibly to the active site or bind to a site distinctly separate from the agonist binding site

Answer 23

Noncompetitive antagonist

Question 24

Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors

Answer 24

Steroid and hormones

Question 25

Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes transmembrane receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity

Answer 25

Insulin, EGF, TGFbeta, PDGF, ANP

Question 26

Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes ligand gated ion channels

Answer 26

Acetylcholine, nicotine

Question 27

Dose which produces therapeutic response in 50% of the population

Answer 27

ED50

Question 28

Dose which is toxic in 50% of the population

Answer 28

TD50

Question 29

Dose which is lethal to 50% of the population

Answer 29

LD50

Question 30

Window between therapeutic effect and toxic effect

Answer 30

Therapeutic index

Question 31

Drugs that have a high margin of safety is indicated by

Answer 31

High therapeutic index

Question 32

Drugs that have a narrow margin of safety is indicated by

Answer 32

Low therapeutic index

Question 33

Antidote used for lead poisoning (without encephalopathy)

Answer 33

Dimercaprol, Edetate calcium disodium, or succimer

Question 34

Antidote used for cyanide poisoning

Answer 34

Nitrites, sodium thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin (cyanokit)

Question 35

Antidote used for anticholinergic poisoning

Answer 35

Physostigmine

Question 36

Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning

Answer 36

Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Question 37

Antidote used for iron salt toxicity

Answer 37

Deferoxamine

Question 38

Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity

Answer 38

N-acetylcysteine

Question 39

Antidote for severe lead poisoning (with encephalopathy)

Answer 39

Dimercaprol AND CaEDTA (edetate calcium disodium)

Question 40

Antidote for arsenic, mercury, and gold poisoning

Answer 40

Dimercaprol

Question 41

Antidote used in Wilson's disease (copper poisoning)

Answer 41

Penicillamine

Question 42

Antidote used for heparin toxicity

Answer 42

Protamine Sulfate

Question 43

Antidote used for warfarin toxicity

Answer 43

Vitamin K and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

Question 44

Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase

Answer 44

Aminocaproic acid

Question 45

Antidote used for methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity

Answer 45

Ethanol

Question 46

Antidote used for opioid toxicity

Answer 46

Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO)

Question 47

Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity

Answer 47

Flumazenil

Question 48

Antidote used for tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Answer 48

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 49

Antidote used for carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 49

100% O2 and hyperbaric O2

Question 50

Antidote used for digitalis toxicity

Answer 50

Digibind (also need to d/c digoxin, normalize K+, and lidocaine if pt. Is arrhythmic)

Question 51

Antidote used for beta agonist toxicity (eg. Metaproterenol)

Answer 51

Esmolol

Question 52

Antidote for methotrexate toxicity

Answer 52

Leucovorin

Question 53

Antidote for beta-blocker overdose and hypoglycemia

Answer 53

Glucagon

Question 54

Antidote useful for some drug induced Torsade de pointes

Answer 54

Magnesium sulfate

Question 55

Antidote for hyperkalemia

Answer 55

sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)

Question 56

Method to reduce salicylate intoxication

Answer 56

Alkalinize urine, dialysis