Pharmacology - Bacteria Flashcards by Madison Olson

__________are a major class of natural and synthetic pharmaceutical agents that kill or inhibit the growth of infection causing microorganisms

antibiotics

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________are single celled organisms found almost everywhere. They have a cell wall surrounding the cell which protects the organism from outside influences

bacteria

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_______bacteria have a more substantial cell wall

gram positive

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_______bacteria have a less substantial cell wall

gram negative

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When is antibiotic treatment preferably started?

after a culture is taken

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_________work by gaining access to the inside of the bacterial cell, where they interfere with bacterial life processes

antibiotics

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Antibiotics work in 4 ways:

1) block protein formation
2) inhibit cell wall formation
3) interfere with DNA
4) prevent folic acid synthesis

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_______ _________ _________cover both gram positive and gram negative organisms

Broad spectrum antibiotics

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The physician does not know the causative agent and may not have time to culture for it and get a definite diagnosis until after the treatment has started. Thus, a doctor will choose an antibiotic based on the most likely bacteria that can cause the infection you have. What is this called?

empirical treatment

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An __________is an invasion of the body by pathogens, resulting in tissue response to organism and toxins

infection

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Antibiotics treat infections by acting as either a _________ or ________

bactericidal agent or bacteriostatic agent

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________agent kills invading organisms immediately.

Bactericidal

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_________agent inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

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An infection that results when an antibiotic selectively targets and kills a certain population of bacteria which can initiate an increase in growth of other potentially lethal strains in the flora.
What is this called?

A superinfection

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What causes antibiotic resistance?

Treating viral infections with antibiotics
Giving antibiotics to food-producing animals
Spraying drugs on fruit-trees to treat or prevent disease
Inappropriate drug prescribed for infection
Compliance

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Why do injectable antibiotics need to be mixed properly?

to avoid tissue or vein irritation

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What are some side effects or risks with antibiotics?

nausea and diarrhea due to elimination of natural bacterial flora
Increased risk of yeast infections
hypersensitivity reactions (rash, hives, wheezing or shortness of breath and eventually anaphylactic shock)
Reduce effectiveness of oral contraceptives
Increase INR in patients taking warfarin

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_________are bacteriostatic and effective against a broad range of microorganisms because they block a specific step in the biosynthetic pathway of folic acid

Sulfonamides

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Therapeutic Uses of Sulfonamides:

Urinary tract infections (UTI’s)
Otitis media (especially in kids)
Ulcerative colitis
Lower respiratory infections

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Side effects of sulfonamides:

Nausea
Rash, which is often a symptom of hypersensitivity
Vomiting
Blood complications
Photosensitivity

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What must patients do when taking sulfonamides in order to prevent kidney damage?

Drink lots of water to prevent crystallization of the drug in the kidneys

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What are some auxiliary labels for sulfa drugs?

Drug should be taken with lots of water
May cause discoloration of urine (nitrofurantoin)
Avoid prolonged sun exposure

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These antibiotics are highly effective with extremely low toxicity.

Beta lactam antibiotics

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All members of this class have a beta lactam ring which is responsible for :

hypersensitivity reactions (rash, hives, wheezing, shortness of breath, and anaphylactic shock)

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________antibiotics may also be referred to as penicillin type antibiotics.

Beta lactam

__________Most effective against growing and reproducing bacteria, generally gram positive aerobes and anaerobes

Beta lactam

Beta Lactam antibiotics are used to treat:

``` Abscesses Otitis media Pneumonia Respiratory infections Tooth and gum infections Venereal diseases (syphilis and gonorrhea) Endocarditis Meningitis ```

Beta lactam antibiotics side effects include:

Diarrhea

What antibiotic is recommended be taken on an empty stomach??

beta lactam antibiotics

_________have a mechanism of action similar to penicillin, but differ in their antibacterial spectrum

Cephalosporins

A person allergic to penicillin has a _____% chance of being allergic to cephalosporin's

10%

Patients who experience an anaphylactic reaction to beta lactam antibiotics are not advised to take _________

cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are used to treat:

``` Oral infections (first and second gen) OB/GYN procedures Upper respiratory (oral second gen) Sinus infections (oral second gen) Urinary tract infections (parenteral third gen) Meningitis Intra-abdominal infections ```

First generation cephalosporins are used for community acquired infections specifically for ______ _______ organisms.

gram negative

___________ _________ cephalosporins have increased activity. They are used for otitis media in children as well as respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Second generation

______ _________cephalosporins are active against many gram negative organisms. They are used in severe infections.

Third generation

________ __________generation cephalosporins have a broad spectrum of activity. They can treat pneumonia, urinary tract infections and sepsis due to gram negative organisms

fourth and fifth

__________are produced by soil organisms. They are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes.

Tetracyclines

_________have the unique ability to enter mammalian cells to affect organisms growing within cells

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are used to treat:

``` Acne Chronic bronchitis Lyme disease Rickettsia infection Venereal disease (chlamydia) ```

Side effects of tetracycline include

``` Nausea Vomiting Photosensitivity Diarrhea Tooth discoloration ```

________Can enter developing bone, form complexes with calcium causing weakened bone structure

tetracycline

_________Is an exception and does not cause weakening of bone structure

doxycycline

__________should be avoided by pregnant women, nursing women and young children up to nine years old because of tooth discoloration and effects on bone growth.

tetracycline

___________can cause a fatal renal syndrome which is toxic when it is expired

tetracycline

___________are bacteriostatic agents used primarily to treat pulmonary infections. They inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes.

Macrolides

These drugs may cause diarrhea and affect liver enzymes (Cytochrome P450) causing many drug interactions.

Macrolides

Macrolides are used to treat:

``` Chlamydia Legionnaires’ disease H. Influenza M Pneumonia S. Pneumonia ```

The side effects of macrolides include:

``` Gastrointestinal upset Discolored urine (drug dependant) After taste ```

________ should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset

macrolides

__________have strong, rapid bactericidal action against gram negative and many gram positive bacteria. They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA

Quinolones

Quinolones are used to treat:

``` Bone and joint infections Infectious diarrhea Ophthalmic infections Some STIs Upper respiratory infections UTIs ```

Quinolone side effects are:

``` Nausea and vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness Unpleasant taste Photosensitivity May cause CNS effects (insomnia or restlessness) Crystalluria ```

__________interact with ions (iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum) The oral form is not recommended in pregnant woman or children

Quinolones

________ and _________should be given with caution in patients taking theophylline due to increased theophylline toxicity

Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin

_________are commonly used to treat serious infections. Their bactericidal action inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits.

Aminoglycosides

The major side effect of aminoglycosides are:

nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity

_________is a bactericidal drug that interferes with bacterial wall synthesis. It is especially useful in methicillin resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MSRA).

vancomycin

Vancomycin is used to treat :

Dialysis patients Endocarditis Staph infections

______ is ototoxic and nephrotoxic.

vancomycin

__________is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. It is a lincosamide antibiotic.

clindamycin

It is active against gram positive and most anaerobic bacteria. It can be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal depending on drug concentration, bacterial species and concentration of bacteria.

clindamycin

____________is an imidazole antibiotic. It interacts with DNA to cause a loss of structure and strand breakage and results in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.

Metronidazole

__________can cause an intolerance to alcohol due to a disulfiram reaction (abdominal cramps, vomiting, flushing, headache).

Metronidazole

Patients should avoid alcohol for up to 3 days after discontinuation of which drug?

Metronidazole

______ also help with help with inflammation and pain control.

Antibiotics

______ can cause red man syndrome when given by IV to fastly

vancomycin

What is a disulfiram reaction?

abdominal cramps, vomiting, flushing, headache due to mixing alcohol with certain drugs

________attaches to mucosal cells

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How is gonorrhea usually treated?

penicillins

What is the primary stage of syphilis?

Small, hard-based sore (chancre) develops at site of infection May be painless and patient may be unaware Fluid in the sores is highly infectious Bacteria enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system

What is the second stage syphilis?

Skin rashes, patchy hair loss, malaise, and mild fever Symptoms subside after a few weeks and disease becomes latent After 2 to 4 years of latency, disease is usually no longer infectious

________are small, usually painless, highly infectious ulcer; the primary lesion of syphilis

chancre

Pharmacology - Bacteria Flashcards

(73 cards)