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Pharmacy INTRO > Pharmacology - Urinary > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Urinary Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

The kidneys are __________organs

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What is another name for the bladder muscle?

A

detrusor muscle

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3
Q

large volumes of fluid can be collected without high-pressure damage to the renal system occurring….how much volume?

A

700-1000ml

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4
Q

What is the kidneys pale outer region?

A

cortex

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5
Q

What is the kidneys dark inner region?

A

medulla

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6
Q

________is divided into 8-18 conical regions, called the renal pyramids

A

medulla

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7
Q

The cortex and the medulla are made up of ________

A

nephrons

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8
Q

_________are the functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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9
Q

_________are responsible for forming urine

A

nephrons

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10
Q

__________is the unit of the kidney responsible for ultrafiltration of the blood and reabsorption or excretion of products in the subsequent filtrate.

A

nephron

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11
Q

What is the filtering unit of a nephron?

A

glomerulus

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12
Q

_________is responsible for concentration and dilution of urine

A

Loop of Henle

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13
Q

__________is responsible, along with the collecting duct that it joins, for absorbing water back into the body

A

distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

_____% of the water is normally reabsorbed, leaving highly concentrated urine to flow into the collecting duct and then into the renal pelvis

A

99%

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15
Q

_______of the body fluid is intracellular.

A

2/3

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16
Q

________is fluid within the cells of the body

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by:

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentration.

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18
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys per day?

A

1500ml

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19
Q

Where is fluid also lost?

A

through the skin and lungs

digestive tract

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20
Q

_______occurs when fluid output is greater than fluid intake

A

dehydration

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21
Q

Fluid intake is regulated by the______

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

_________raises the osmotic pressure of the blood, where there is less fluid, the solute concentration of the blood is greater

A

dehydration

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23
Q

The increased osmotic pressure triggers the _______ center in the hypothalamus

A

thirst

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24
Q

_______ are small charged molecules essential for homeostasis that play an important role in body chemistry

A

electrolytes

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25
________are inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in solution
electrolytes
26
_________ions are needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue
sodium
27
________ions are need for nervous and muscle tissue function
potassium
28
________ions are also needed in maintaining fluid volume within cells
potassium
29
_______also help regulate acid-base levels (pH).
potassium
30
Fluid low =
electrolytes high
31
Fluid high =
electrolytes low
32
______ions are mainly found extracellular
sodium
33
_______ions are mainly intracellular
potassium
34
_______ions are found extracellularly and they help regulate differences in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments, they are also important in pH balance.
chloride
35
_______ions are found mainly intracellular and in bone. They are important in production of bones and teeth and play a role in muscle contraction and neural transmission
magnesium
36
potassium levels too low
Hypokalemia
37
low levels of sodium
Hyponatremia
38
low levels of chloride
Hypochloremia
39
low levels of calcium
Hypocalcemia
40
_______is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue
edema
41
The most potent diuretics are the ________
loop diuretics
42
Where do loop diuretics works?
Loop of Henle
43
_______increase elimination of water, sodium and selected electrolytes (K+, Cl-, HCO3-) to reduce the symptoms of edema
diuretics
44
Patients on these diuretics, therefore, are commonly advised to take _______
Potassium supplements
45
What are the 4 stages of renal disease?
1. Loss of Renal Reserve 2. Renal Insufficiency 3. Chronic Renal Insufficiency 4. ESRD – End stage Renal Disease
46
_______Relax prostate and bladder smooth muscle which reduces urethral resistance and improves urine flow
Alpha Blockers
47
_________Reduce the growth and size of the prostate
5-alpha reductase inhibitors
48
By age 65, approximately ______% to ______% of men have ED
15% - 20%
49
What are some treatments for ED?
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | Prostaglandins
50
What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors interact with?
nitrates, grapefruit, macrolide antibiotics, SSRI
51
________is a disease associated with deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation and is caused by hyperuricemia
gout
52
_______is a build up of urate in the blood
hyperuricemia
53
The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often called _______ (lower UTI)
cystitis
54
Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, known as _________, and is much more serious. (upper UTI)
pyelonephritis
55
What is nocturia?
Need to urinate during the night.
56
_______ is discomfort or pain at the urethral meatus or a burning sensation throughout the urethra with micturition (dysuria).
Urethritis
57
Pain in the midline suprapubic region is called______
cystits
58
What is Pyuria/Hematuria?
Pus or blood in urine
59
What is Pyrexia?
Mild fever
60
_____% of Women get UTI’s
40%
61
______% of men get UTI's
10%
62
What is BUN?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
63
When kidney function is impaired ______, _______, and ________ increases
urea, nitrogen, and creatinine
64
What is SCr?
serum creatinine
65
What is the typical normal rage for serum creatinine?
0.5-1.5mg/dL
66
What does CrCl stand for?
creatinine clearance
67
What does GFR stand for?
glomerular filtration rate
68
What does CKD stand for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
69
_______is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells
anemia
70
_______ is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
erythropoietin
71
_______is an artificial method of filtering blood and correcting the electrolyte imbalances caused by kidney failure
dialysis
72
_______is accomplished by diverting blood flow through a machine that mechanically filters the blood and returns it back into the body
hemodialysis
73
________is accomplished by putting dialysate (a special fluid that draws toxins from the body into itself) into the abdominal cavity and leaving it there for a certain period of time
peritoneal dialysis
74
What are reticulocytes?
immature red blood cells
75
What is priapism?
prolonged and painful erection
76
What is gynecomastia?
breast enlargement in men or boys
77
What medications can cause gynecomastia?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors (avodart, finasteride)
78
_______ work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water in the ascending loop of henle
loop diuretics
79
_______ work in the nephrons by increasing excretion of bacarbonate ions.
carbonic abhydrase inhibitors
80
_______work by blocking the exchange of potassium for sodium and takes place in the distal tubule
Potassium sparing diuretics
81
______work by blocking molecular pump that pulls sodium and chloride back into the blood from the distal tubule
thiazide diuretic
82
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of the prostate
83
What is tinnitus?
ringing of the ears

Pharmacy INTRO (34 decks)

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