Physio Lecture 2

Question 1

Define matter

Answer 1

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Question 2

Define element

Answer 2

Substance made of 1 type of atom

Question 3

What 6 elements predominantly make up macromolecules

Answer 3

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, sulfur

Question 4

How many electrons can stay in each shell; 1-3

Answer 4

2, 8, 8

Question 5

Fatty acids are?

Answer 5

Lipids

Question 6

Amino acids are?

Answer 6

Protein

Question 7

Glucose is?

Answer 7

Glycogen

Question 8

Covalent vs ionic bonds

Answer 8

Covalent bonds share electrons where ionic bonds take electrons

Question 9

Covalent bonds

Answer 9

2 or more shared electrons

Question 10

Ionic bonds

Answer 10

Electrons are stolen to create a neutral charge

Question 11

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

Weak attractive forces and doesn’t involve electrons

Question 12

What are Electrolytes

Answer 12

Electrolytes conduct electricity

Question 13

How do electrolytes work?

Answer 13

They are molecules with ionic bonds, when dissolved in water the charged ions disperse in water creating a flow of electric charge. (70% of our body is an electrolyte solution that conducts electricity. This is vital for nerve conduction and muscle contraction)

Question 14

How do hydrogen bonds form

Answer 14

Molecules dissolve in water, 2 dna strands are held together and 1 protein folds on itself

Question 15

What is solute

Answer 15

The substance that gets dissolved

Question 16

What is solvent

Answer 16

The substance that does the dissolving

Question 17

What does synthesis mean?

Answer 17

To build

Question 18

What does degradation mean?

Answer 18

To breakdown molecules

Question 19

What is dehydration synthesis

Answer 19

A process in which h2o is removed

Question 20

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 20

A chemical reaction where water is used to break down chemical bonds

Question 21

3 examples of polar/hydrophilic molecules

Answer 21

Sugar, salt, protein

Question 22

Can lipids dissolve

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What is avagadros #

Answer 23

6.022 x10-23

Question 24

What is molarity

Answer 24

Moles of solutes/liters of solution

Question 25

What is osmolarity?

Answer 25

Total dissolved amount of particles within a solution

Question 26

What are the ph parameters for the body

Answer 26

7.35-7.45

Question 27

The higher the hydrogen concentration means?

Answer 27

The lower the Ph level(more acidic)

Question 28

What’s a ph buffer

Answer 28

A chemical that when added to a solution, it will resist changes in ph by releasing or binding h+

Question 29

Strong acid vs weak acid

Answer 29

Strong acids release all of its H+ as to where weak acids release only a little.

Question 30

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 30

Energy: glucose->cell respiration->ATP Storage: for later use->stored as glycogen(in liver)

Question 31

Types of lipids

Answer 31

Triglycerides: stored body fat Ketones: form during fasting/low carb Phospholipids: form phospholipid bilayer which are our cell membranes

Question 32

What Is dna

Answer 32

4 nucleotides together, double helix, lives in Nucleus, organized into genes

Question 33

3 types of nucleic acids

Answer 33

DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 34

What is RNA

Answer 34

A monomer, single stranded, formed in nucleus, moves to ribosomes, performs protein synthesis

Question 35

What isATP

Answer 35

ATP are nucleotides, food energy is converted to atp, atp performs all cellular energy needs

Question 36

Nucleic acids function summary

Answer 36

DNA is the information of our body(genetic code), RNA transcribes dna and performs protein synthesis, ATP is the food energy conversion molecule and the main source of power for all cells

Question 37

Amino acids

Answer 37

Functional unit of protein

Question 38

R group

Answer 38

Variable region of an amino acid (where they live)

Question 39

Peptides

Answer 39

2-3 amino acids. (Dipeptide/tripe-peptide)

Question 40

Peptide bond

Answer 40

The same as a covalent bond but for AA’s

Question 41

What are the 4 levels of protein structure

Answer 41

1) primary: formed by peptide bonds between AA 2) secondary: formed by hydrogen bonds. Protein fold 3) tertiary: weak bonds between r groups. Cause further folding 4) quaternary: two or more polypeptides joined by covalent bonds