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First Aid Respiratory > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Air that can be breathed in after notmal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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2
Q

Air that moves into lung with each quiet breath

A

Tidal volume (~500mL)

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3
Q

Ait that can be breathed out after normal expiration

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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4
Q

Air in lung after max expiration; cannot be measured by spirometry

A

Residual volume

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5
Q

TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity

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6
Q

Volume in lungs after normal expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

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7
Q

Maximal volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

A

Vital capacity

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8
Q

Volume of air in lungs after maximal inspiration

A

Total Lung capacity

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9
Q

Anatomic dead space of conducting airways + functional dead space in alveoli; volume of air not apart of gas exchange

A

Physiologic Dead Space

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10
Q

Largest contributor of physiologic dead space

A

Apex of Lung

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11
Q

Total Volume of gas entering the lung per minute

A

Minute ventilation

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12
Q

Volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli

A

Alveolar ventilation

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13
Q

When inward pull of lung is balanced by outward pull of chest wall, and systemic pressure is atmospheric

A

FRC

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14
Q

When airway and alveolar pressures are 0; intrapleural pressure is negative

A

FRC

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15
Q

Change in lung volume for a given change in pressure

A

Compliance

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16
Q

Causes of decreased lung compliance

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema

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17
Q

Causes of increased lung compliance

A

Emphysema and aging

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18
Q

Taut/tense Hb

A

Low affinity for oxygen (tissues)

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19
Q

Relaxed Hb

A

High affinity for oxygen (lungs)

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20
Q

Hb biochemistry

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A

Positive cooperativity and negative allostery

21
Q

Right Shift

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A

Increase chloride, H, CO2, 2,3-BPG, temperature, taut Hb

leads to increases O2 unloading

22
Q

Left Shift

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A

Relaxed, higher affinity for oxygen; Fetal Hb (b/c lower affinity for 2,3BPG than adult); CO poisoning

23
Q

Oxidized form of Hb (3+)

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A

Methemoglobin; decreased affinity for O2

24
Q

Cyanosis and chocolate colored blood

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A

Methemoglobin

25
Tx of cyanide poisoning
Nitrates first to oxidize Hb to Met-Hb which binds cyanide; use thiosulfate to bind cyanide making thiosulfate which is renally excreted
26
Carbon Monoxide
200x greater affinity for Hb than oxygen
27
Cause of sigmoidal shape of Hb dissociation curve
Positive cooperativity
28
Why myoglobin curve is not sigmoidal
No positive cooperativity; monomer not a tetramer like Hb
29
Low resistance, high compliance system
Pulmonary circulation
30
Consequence of pHTN
cor pulmonale; right ventricular failure (JVD, edema, hepatomegaly)
31
Diffusion Limited
emphysema and fibrosis; Gas does not equilibriate by the time blood reaches the end of capillary
32
Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient
high altitude and hypoventilation
33
Hypoxemia with increased A-a gradient
V/Q mismatch; diffusion limitation; right-to-left shunt
34
V/Q at apex of lung
3; wasted ventilation
35
V/Q at base of lung
0.6; wasted perfusion
36
PA > Pa > Pv
Apex of lung; decrease ventilation and very decreased perfusion causing increase in V/Q ratio
37
Pa > PA > Pv
Zone 2; middle of lung
38
Pa > Pv > PA
Base of lung; increase in ventilation but very increased perfusion causing a decrease in V/Q ratio even though increase in blod ventilation and perfusion overall
39
V/Q = 0
airway obstruction (shunt); 100% oxygen does not improve pO2
40
V/Q = infinity
blood flow obstruction (physiologic dead space); 100% oxygen does improve pO2
41
Highest CO2 transportation
HCO3- (90%)
42
Carbaminohemoglobin
HbCO2; CO2 bound to Hb at the N-terminus | CO2 favors taut Hb; (5%)
43
Dissolved CO2
5% CO2 travels to lungs in this form
44
Haldane effect
Oxygenation leads to H+ dissociation, shifting equilibrium to CO2 formation; CO2 released from RBCs in lungs
45
Bohr Effect
Increased H+ from tissue metabolism shifts curve to the right; unloads O2 to tissues
46
Ventilatino response to high altitude
Chronic increase ventilation
47
Cellular changed in response to high altitude
increase 2,3-BPG to release more oxygen; increase mitochondria; increase erythropoietin an dincrease renal excretion of HCO3-
48
PaO2 and PaCO2 in response to exercise
NO CHANGE; only change is in the venous system
49
V/Q ratio during exercise
from apex to base; more uniform because increase ventilation rate to meet O2 demand

First Aid Respiratory (10 decks)

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