Practice Test 1 Ch: 1-4 Flashcards
All the following are ethical considerations of research studies, EXCEPT:
Select one:
a.social desirability
b.coercing participation
c.potential physical or psychological harm
d.respecting privacy
e.informing participants about the nature of the research
a.social desirability
Professor Kahn wants to research whether psychological profiles can be used to reduce turnover in organizations. Professor Kahn is conducting:
Select one:
a.applied business research
b.basic business research
c.informal research
d.contract research
e.ontological fundamentalist research
b. Basic business research
This research aims to explore a fundamental question about the use of psychological profiles to reduce turnover in organizations and is focused on generating knowledge and understanding in the field. Basic research is often conducted to build a theoretical foundation and is not immediately tied to practical applications.
All the following are reasons for conducting research internally (in-house) instead of hiring an outside consultant, EXCEPT:
Select one:
a.employees are more likely to collaborate with in-house researchers
b.in-house researchers can often do the research for less money
c.in-house researchers generally require less time to understand the internal workings of the organization
d.in-house researchers are more likely to have special expertise or capabilities within a specific area of research
e.in-house researchers are better able to implement their recommendations, evaluate the effectiveness of the changes, and consider further changes, if necessary
d.in-house researchers are more likely to have special expertise or capabilities within a specific area of research
Option “d” suggests that in-house researchers are more likely to have special expertise or capabilities within a specific area of research. However, this is not a reason for conducting research internally; it’s actually a potential advantage of hiring outside consultants.
When you hire an outside consultant, you can select experts with specialized knowledge in the specific area of research you need. This can bring fresh perspectives, diverse skill sets, and a broader range of experiences to your research project. In contrast, in-house researchers may not always have the same level of expertise in every research area, which is why organizations often turn to external consultants when they need specialized knowledge.
All empirical research is based on:
Select one:
a.testing and rejecting the null hypothesis
b.inductive reasoning
c.systematic observations or experiments, not only on ideas or theory
d.the careful development of a theoretical framework to guide the investigation
c. systematic observations or experiments, not only on ideas or theory.
Empirical research relies on gathering and analyzing data through systematic observations or experiments to draw conclusions, rather than relying solely on ideas or theory. While theories and hypotheses may guide empirical research, the core of such research is the collection and analysis of empirical evidence.
Indicators of good research include all the following, EXCEPT:
Select one:
a.Subjectivities have been managed
b.Methods are approached with consistency
c.Findings are applicable only in the immediate context
d.The research can be verified
e.The “true essence” has been captured
c. Findings are applicable only in the immediate context
Good research aims to produce findings that are generalizable and applicable beyond the immediate context, so option c is not an indicator of good research.
Which of the following researchers, if any, are NOT REQUIRED to comply with (but may adopt voluntarily) the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans?
Select one:
a.A market-research consultant who works for a firm that conducts contract research for private-sector businesses and not-for-profit clients
b.A marketing professor at UPEI who earned a research grant from one of the tri-council agencies to investigate consumer attitudes toward “green” products
c.An engineering professor studying user interfaces by testing people’s reactions in a study at the University of Toronto (an institution that is among Canada’s leaders in winning federal research grants)
d.A medical researcher who uses patients’ health data in epidemiological studies, funded through a research grant from the federal government
e.ALL researchers in Canada must comply with the TCPS2
a. A market-research consultant who works for a firm that conducts contract research for private-sector businesses and not-for-profit clients.
Market research consultants working in the private sector may not be subject to TCPS2 if their research does not involve human participants in a way covered by the policy. However, if their research involves human participants and is funded or regulated in a way that requires compliance with ethical guidelines, they may still need to adhere to relevant ethical standards and guidelines.
John has just participated in an experiment. Now the researcher is explaining the true purpose of the experiment. John is allowed to ask questions of the researcher at this point. John is receiving a:
Select one:
a.desensitization
b.restitution
c.debriefing
d.follow-up
e.restoration
c. Debriefing
Debriefing is a process in research involving human participants where researchers provide participants with information about the true purpose of the experiment, answer any questions they may have, and ensure they leave the study with a clear understanding of what their participation entailed. It is an essential ethical practice to inform participants fully after their involvement in an experiment.
A lot of quantitative research is based on theoretically-based hypotheses before any data collection is performed. Which approach does this represent?
Select one:
a.Inductive research
b.Deductive research
c.Grounded research
d.Hypothetical research
b. Deductive research
Deductive research involves starting with a theory or hypothesis and then collecting data to test or confirm the theory. This approach is commonly used in quantitative research to investigate specific hypotheses or relationships between variables.
Dr. Smith conducted a large-scale study of job satisfaction and job performance in which employees completed a job satisfaction measure around the same time that their managers rated the performance of those same employees. Dr. Smith concluded that the statistically significant relation between those measures confirms that greater satisfaction leads to better performance. That is a defensible conclusion.
Select one:
True
False
False
The statement is false because it incorrectly assumes that a statistically significant correlation between job satisfaction and job performance confirms causation, without considering other possible factors or the direction of causation. Correlation does not imply causation, and there may be confounding variables at play. Establishing causation typically requires experimental research designs.
Which of the following includes the four components of the evidence-based management framework?
Select one:
a.Practitioner judgment and expertise, ethics and stakeholder concerns, evidence from the local context, and evidence from formal research
b.Parsimony, generalizability, objectivity, and replicability
c.Hypothetico-deductive method, deductive reasoning, null hypothesis significance testing, and critical realist epistemology
d.Interview, observation, questionnaire, and experiment
a.Practitioner judgment and expertise, ethics and stakeholder concerns, evidence from the local context, and evidence from formal research
Authorities can sometimes compel researchers to disclose information about participants. The possibility of compelled disclosure by a researcher to third parties for administrative and/or legal purposes means a researcher must be especially careful about what they promise to participants during the consent process.
Select one:
True
False
True
The statement is true because it highlights that researchers must be cautious when promising confidentiality to participants during the consent process due to the possibility of being legally compelled to disclose participant information to authorities for administrative or legal reasons.
As noted in a CBC documentary on expertise, wine experts are good examples of experts with high levels of accuracy (i.e., correctly distinguishing among different types of wine).
Select one:
True
False
False
The statement is false because it overgeneralizes the accuracy of all types of experts, using wine experts as an example, without considering the variability in expertise across different domains and tasks.
Professor Stanton is a thoughtful, responsible academic who has drafted an article on a controversial issue in the professor’s field of expertise. In that article, Dr. Stanton is also critical of Free-Thinking University (FTU; Dr. Stanton’s employer). FTU places high priority on academic freedom. Nevertheless, under these circumstances it would be appropriate for FTU to censor Dr. Stanton’s article.
Select one:
True
False
False
The statement is false because it suggests that FTU should censor Dr. Stanton’s article, even though FTU values academic freedom. Censorship of an academic’s work for being critical or controversial would typically contradict the principles of academic freedom and intellectual diversity in higher education.
The requirement to obtain participants’ informed consent is most closely related to which of the following core research-ethics principles?
Select one:
a.Duty to Accommodate
b.Third-Party Review
c.Vulnerable Population Protection Principle
d.Respect for Persons
d.Respect for Persons
Respect for Persons is one of the core principles of research ethics, and obtaining informed consent from research participants is a fundamental aspect of respecting their autonomy and decision-making capacity.
“We cannot even agree that we have a problem, let alone what it is. Also, despite my best efforts, I cannot find information that is relevant to help us solve any of the possible problems that the stakeholders have been arguing about.” Which of the following concepts does this quote represent?
Select one:
a.Consensus problem
b.Messy problem
c.5 times why
d.Information problem
e.Stakeholder problem
b. Messy problem
A “messy problem” is a situation characterized by complexity, ambiguity, and often a lack of consensus among stakeholders about the nature of the problem and potential solutions. The quote describes a situation where there is disagreement about the problem itself and a difficulty in finding relevant information to address the issues being argued about, which aligns with the concept of a messy problem.
