Practice Test 2 Ch: 6, 7, 11, 14, 12 & 13

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT part of the process of building a theoretical framework?
Question 1Select one:

a.
Clearly explaining the methods used in the study.

b.
Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive representation of your theory.

c.
Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your model.

d.
Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for relationships between the variables in your model.

Answer 1

a.
Clearly explaining the methods used in the study.

Question 2

A marketing researcher tested the effect of providing a free chocolate sample to customers of a candy store on those customers’ purchases (Lammers, 1991). Customers were randomly assigned to either receive a free chocolate sample or not when they entered the store. 84% of those who received a free sample made a purchase. 59% of those who did not receive a free sample made a purchase. Which of the following is true regarding the variables in this study?
Question 2Select one:

a.
Both free sample and purchase are examples of mediators, whereas purchase intention was a continuous moderator.

b.
Purchase intention was the consequence and purchase was the antecedent.

c.
Free sample was the dependent variable and purchase was the independent variable.

d.
Purchase was the dependent variable and free sample was the independent variable.

e.
The variables were too abstract – they need to be operationalized.

Answer 2

d.
Purchase was the dependent variable and free sample was the independent variable.

Question 3

The statement, “An advertisement containing an attractive spokesperson will result in more favorable attitudes toward the product advertised,” is an example of a research:
Question 3Select one:

a.
question

b.
statement

c.
hypothesis

d.
generalization

e.
theory

Answer 3

c.
hypothesis

A hypothesis is a clear and testable statement that guides the research process and can be confirmed or rejected based on evidence and data.

Question 4

Why would a researcher use a “moderator” variable?
Question 4Select one:

a.
To understand the mechanism(s) through which an IV relates to a DV.

b.
As an alternative to the positivist, deductive approach to research.

c.
To understand the condition(s) in which an IV predicts a DV.

d.
To clarify data analysis when two or more other variables are in conflict.

Answer 4

c.
To understand the condition(s) in which an IV predicts a DV.

A moderator variable is used to understand the conditions under which an independent variable (IV) has an effect on a dependent variable (DV).

Question 5

A company experiences an extreme, sudden drop in performance and calls in a consultant to “fix” the situation. What would be the main threat to validly in concluding that an intervention the consultant used was responsible for a subsequent improvement in performance?
Question 5Select one:

a.
statistical regression

b.
instrumentation

c.
mortality/attrition

d.
testing

Answer 5

a.
statistical regression

The main threat to validly concluding that an intervention was responsible for a subsequent improvement in performance is “statistical regression.” This phenomenon occurs when extreme or unusual data points, such as a sudden drop in performance, are likely to regress back towards the mean or their typical levels without any intervention.

Question 6

In the Rocket Cycles case, the actual company ended up doing an experiment where the bike messengers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In group A, the commission was increased by 25% in September; in group B, the increase took place in November. In both of those months the non-treated group served as the control group. What type of experimental design is this?
Question 6Select one:

a.
Correlational

b.
Pretest-posttest

c.
Semi-quasi factorial

d.
Switching replications

e.
Basic

Answer 6

d.
Switching replications

This design allows for comparing the effects of the treatment at different times while using a control group to assess changes in the outcome variable.

Question 7

All the following are types of nonprobability sampling methods, EXCEPT:
Question 7Select one:

a.
convenience

b.
cluster

c.
judgment

d.
snowball/referral

e.
quota

Answer 7

b.
cluster

Cluster sampling is a type of probability sampling method, not a nonprobability sampling method.

Question 8

John is assessing the correlation between measures of employee commitment and organizational financial performance to validate the employee commitment scale. It is hypothesized that the correlation between these two, distinct constructs should be positive and significant, which it is. John is assessing which form of validity evidence for the employee commitment scale?
Question 8Select one:

a.
test-retest

b.
discriminant

c.
convergent

d.
criterion

Answer 8

d.
criterion

Question 9

Which type of scale uses numbers to rate objects or events so that the distances between the numbers are equal, but the zero point is not fixed?
Question 9Select one:

a.
ordinal scale

b.
ratio scale

c.
interval scale

d.
balanced scale

e.
nominal scale

Answer 9

c.
interval scale

An interval scale uses numbers to rate objects or events so that the distances between the numbers are equal, but the zero point is not fixed.

Question 10

A survey instrument (questionnaire) is considered __________ if its repeated application results in consistent scores.
Question 10Select one:

a.
reliable

b.
acceptable

c.
accurate

d.
valid

Answer 10

a.
reliable

A survey instrument (questionnaire) is considered reliable if its repeated application results in consistent scores.

Question 11

Double sampling is a sampling design where a sample is used initially to collect information and, later, a subsample of this initial sample is used to examine a topic of interest in more detail. This sampling design is used when further information is needed from a subset of the initial sample.
Question 11Select one:
True
False

Answer 11

True

This approach is typically employed when additional information is required from a subset of the initial sample.

Question 12

Ahmed has submitted a research proposal to evaluate a sales training program based on influence research and theory. The company insists that all sales staff (N=42) be trained at the same time. Ahmed plans to collect data about each participant’s sales numbers one month before the training program, one month after the training, and one year later. Which of the following notations best represents Ahmed’s research design?
Question 12Select one:

a.
X O X O

b.
R X O O vs. O O

c.
O X O O

d.
R X O O

Answer 12

c.
O X O O

In this notation:

“O” represents observations or measurements taken at different time points.
“X” represents the intervention, which is the sales training program.
So, in Ahmed’s case:

The first “O” is the measurement of sales numbers one month before the training.
“X” represents the intervention (the sales training program).
The second “O” is the measurement of sales numbers one month after the training.
The final “O” represents the measurement of sales numbers one year later.

Question 13

As clarified during a recorded lecture, a rating scale that includes a neutral category is best described as unforced (rather than unbalanced).
Question 13Select one:
True
False

Answer 13

True

A rating scale that includes a neutral category is indeed best described as an ‘unforced’ scale. The term ‘unforced’ refers to the inclusion of a middle or neutral option, which allows respondents to choose a position of neutrality or indecision. This is in contrast to a ‘forced’ scale, where respondents must choose a side, expressing either a positive or negative response without the option for a neutral stance.

Question 14

Which of the following forms of reliability would be of greatest interest for athletic competitions that rely on independent judgments of athletes’ performances by a panel of well-trained observers (e.g., diving, figure skating)?
Question 14Select one:

a.
Test-retest

b.
Coefficient alpha

c.
Discriminant

d.
Inter-rater

e.
Stapel

Answer 14

d.
Inter-rater

Inter-rater reliability assesses the consistency and agreement among different raters or judges when evaluating the same set of performances or data.

Question 15

Concerns about generalizability (external validity) are limited to findings from contrived, lab studies. By definition, field research does not have similar concerns.
Question 15Select one:
True
False

Answer 15

False

Concerns about generalizability (external validity) are not limited to findings from contrived, lab studies. Both lab studies and field research can have external validity concerns.

Question 16

Which of the following is a critical factor in the statistical power analysis approach to sample size determination?
Question 16Select one:

a.
effect size

b.
theoretical saturation

c.
confidence

d.
precision

Answer 16

a. effect size

In the statistical power analysis approach to sample size determination, the critical factor is the effect size.

Question 17

Longitudinal studies are ones in which data are collected from different samples on at least two different occasions (points in time).
Question 17Select one:
True
False

Answer 17

False

The statement is not accurate. Longitudinal studies are those in which data is collected from the same sample or group of participants on at least two different occasions or points in time.

Question 18

As the PEI bioscience industry started to take shape, Dr. Udo Krautwurst, a UPEI anthropologist, conducted field research and later published a book, Culturing Bioscience, about the people working in that industry. Dr. Krautwurst spent extensive time in labs, interviewing and observing people. He got involved in some of the work being conducted to understand the industry’s culture. Which of the following best characterizes Dr. Krautwurst’s approach?
Question 18Select one:

a.
action research

b.
quasi-experimental research

c.
content analysis

d.
intensive lab research

e.
ethnography

Answer 18

e. ethnography

Dr. Udo Krautwurst’s approach best characterizes ethnography. Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves the researcher immersing themselves in the culture and context of the group or community being studied. In this case, Dr. Krautwurst conducted field research, spent extensive time in labs, interviewed and observed people, and got involved in the work being conducted within the PEI bioscience industry.

Question 19

Chris wants to sample 100 people from a sampling frame consisting of 1,000 people, listed alphabetically by surname and labeled 1-1000. Chris starts by obtaining a random number between 1 and 10, and then chooses every 10th element until a sample of 100 has been identified. Chris realizes that this procedure may allow bias to creep into the sample. What sampling procedure did Chris use?
Question 19Select one:

a.
Simple random sampling

b.
Systematic sampling

c.
Quota sampling

d.
Disproportionate stratified random sampling

e.
Nonprobability sampling

Answer 19

b. Systematic sampling

Chris used systematic sampling. Systematic sampling involves selecting every n-th element from a list or sampling frame, where “n” is a constant interval.

Question 20

A theory explains how people with relatively large amounts of psychological capital are more likely to be effective in their assigned roles within organizations by leveraging their confidence, optimism, hope, and resilience. Which of the following statements would be best to use as a hypothesis?
Question 20Select one:

a.
Psychological capital is important for job performance.

b.
Psychological capital and job performance are separate constructs.

c.
Psychological capital is negatively related to job performance.

d.
Psychological capital is positively related to job performance.

Answer 20

d. Psychological capital is positively related to job performance.

This statement serves as a clear and testable hypothesis, as it makes a specific prediction that psychological capital is associated with, and positively influences, job performance.

Question 21

Organizational achievement values -> High involvement work practices -> Retail store performance

Which of the following study descriptions aligns with the conceptual model shown here?

Question 21Select one:

a.
This study examined whether high involvement work practices mediate the effect of organizational achievement values on retail store performance.

b.
In this study, we used retail store performance to predict high involvement work practices and organizational achievement values as dependent variables.

c.
This study examined whether high involvement work practices moderate the effect of organizational achievement values on retail store performance.

d.
This study examined the independent effects of high involvement work practices and organizational achievement values on retail store performance.

Answer 21

a. This study examined whether high involvement work practices mediate the effect of organizational achievement values on retail store performance.

The conceptual model suggests that organizational achievement values have an effect on retail store performance, and this effect is mediated by high involvement work practices. Option (a) aligns with this model by indicating that the study is investigating the mediating role of high involvement work practices between organizational achievement values and retail store performance.