Problem Solving & Intelligence Flashcards
(27 cards)
Intelligence
Ability to perform cognitive tasks and the capacity to learn from experience and adapt
Deductive reasoning
Going from a theory or a broad topic and making a specific conclusion or fact from it
Inductive reasoning
Moving from specific facts to broader generalizations and theories
Characteristics of an intelligence test have to be
Reliable: test produces consistent results
Valid: measures what the researcher was trying to measure
Galton
Wanted to quantify intelligence in an unbiased way
Spearman
Believed in a single type of intelligence, g ,
Gardner
Proposed multiple intelligences theory and test
Flynn effect
Mean score for intelligent test has been steadily increasing since 1932
Schema
How you interpret the world
Assimilation
Manipulates incoming information to fit with existing schemas
Accommodation
Modifying existing schemas to fit incompatible information
Sensorimotor stage
What has to be perfected in this stage?
0-2yrs
Object permanence - understand that objects are still there even when out of view
- recognize that they can affect the environment
Preoperational stage
What four things do they have difficulty with?
2-7yrs
Egocentrism: difficulty understanding the world from others perspective
Seriation: ability to logically order a series of objects
Reversible relationships: have difficulty identifying
Conservation: unable to identify differences in conservation
Concrete Operational Stage
7-12
Unable to thing abstractly or reason based on a hypothesis
Can perform things they struggled with in preoperational
Formal operational
12+ Able to thing abstractly Work with hypotheses Everything else that makes up the range of adult cognitive abilities May become interested in games books etc
Criticisms of Piagets theory
Decalage: some children develop skills out of order
Children’s language abilities: this hypothesis was based on child’s language ability
Confirmation bias
Our tendency to seek out information that supports our hypothesis rather than info that disproves it
Heuristics
Mental shortcut use to problem solve quickly and correctly
Availability heuristic
Our tendency to make decisions based on what we have readily available
Representativeness heuristic
Compare something to our existing prototype of what we consider to be the most typical example of a particular category
Self Regulation
Helps to delay reward
Bounded rationality
Cognitive limitations prevent humans from being fully rational
Biases
Mistakes that influence rationality
Anchoring
Bias affected by initial anchor, even if anchor is arbitrary
