Prokaryotes

Question 1

What are the three points of cell theory?

Answer 1

all organisms are composed of one of more cells, cells are the monomer for any organism, new cells arise from pre-existing living cells

Question 2

What the the three types of prokaryotes?

Answer 2

Bactera, Archea, cyanobacteria

Question 3

Does prokaryotic DNA have histones?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Does transcription and translation happen at the same time in prokaryotes?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What feature allows transcription and translation to happen at the same time?

Answer 5

Polyribosome actvity

Question 6

What is a plasmid?

Answer 6

circular piece of double stranded DNA smaller than bacterial ribosome. It is considered extrachromosomal

Question 7

What is conjugation?

Answer 7

Ability for plasmid to orchestrate bacterial exchange of information

Question 8

How does the prokaryote membrane prevent lysis?

Answer 8

By continually pumping ions across cell membrane increasing osmotic pressure

Question 9

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made out of?

Answer 9

peptidoglycan

Question 10

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 10

Makes up bacterial wall membrane. Has chains made of sugars and amino acids.

Question 11

When lysozyme destroys peptidoglycan, what results?

Answer 11

protoplast

Question 12

What is gram positive bacteria?

Answer 12

thick peptidoglycan layer outside cell membrane and no other layer

Question 13

What is gram negative bacteria?

Answer 13

thin peptidoglycan but additional layer with lipopolysaccharide

Question 14

What is the periplasmic space?

Answer 14

space between cell membrane and outer layer

Question 15

Which has greater resistance to antibiotics, gram-negative or gram positive?

Answer 15

gram negative

Question 16

What are endotoxins?

Answer 16

In gram-negative bacteria, it is a normal component of outer cell membrane that is not poisonous but causes the immune system to have extreme reaction that can kill us

Question 17

What is septic shock?

Answer 17

when aqueous portion of blood leaks into tissues causing a drop in blood pressure

Question 18

What are exotoxins?

Answer 18

toxic substances secreted by gram negative and gram positive into medium. It helps bacteria compete for resources

Question 19

What is glycocalyx?

Answer 19

a substance that surrounds bacteria. It makes bacteria hard to eliminate and enables bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as the respiratory tract

Question 20

What is a monotrichous flagella?

Answer 20

flagella at one end

Question 21

What is a amphitrichous flagella?

Answer 21

Flagella at both ends

Question 22

What is peritrichous flagella?

Answer 22

Multiple flagella

Question 23

What are the three parts of the flagella?

Answer 23

filament, hook, and basal structure

Question 24

What is the basal structure in flagella?

Answer 24

has rings that anchor the flagella to membrane in gram negative bacteria. It rotates rod and rest of flagella clockwise

Question 25

What energizes the rotation of flagella?

Answer 25

ATP supplied by diffusion of H+ gradient by electron transport

Question 26

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 26

process of bacterial motion directed toward attractants

Question 27

What receptors influence flagellar rotation?

Answer 27

chemoreceptors

Question 28

What are pili?

Answer 28

projections on bacterial surface involved in attaching to diff surfaces

Question 29

what is function of sex pilus?

Answer 29

facilitates formation of conjugation bridges

Question 30

A F+ denotes what about the sex pilus?

Answer 30

It is male

Question 31

A F- denotes what about the sex pilus?

Answer 31

It is female

Question 32

What do autotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 32

CO2

Question 33

What do heterotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 33

Organic nutrients

Question 34

What do chemotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 34

energy from chemicals

Question 35

what do phototrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 35

energy from light

Question 36

What are the four types of bacteria?

Answer 36

chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs

Question 37

What do chemoheterotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 37

organic molecules made by other organisms

Question 38

what do photoautotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 38

use CO2 as carbon source and obtain energy from the sun

Question 39

What do photoheterotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 39

get energy from sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as carbon source

Question 40

What do chemoautotrophs use for nutrition?

Answer 40

build macromolecules from CO2 using chemicals. They oxidize inorganic molecules

Question 41

What is an auxotroph?

Answer 41

bacteria that cannot survive on minimal medium because it can't synthesize a molecule it needs to live. It requires an auxiliary trophic substance to live.

Question 42

What is an auxiliary trophic substance caused by?

Answer 42

from a mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme in a synthetic pathway

Question 43

what are obligate aerobes?

Answer 43

bacteria that require oxygen

Question 44

What are anaerobes?

Answer 44

bacteria that do not require Oxygen

Question 45

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 45

Use oxygen when it is around but does not need it

Question 46

What are tolerant anaerobes?

Answer 46

can grow in presence or absence of oxygen but do not use it in metabolism

Question 47

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 47

poisoned by oxygen because it lacks enzymes for detoxification of radicals. They often infect wounds

Question 48

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

Answer 48

dismutase and catalase

Question 49

What is distinctive about anaerobic respiration?

Answer 49

It uses an external electron acceptor other than oxygen

Question 50

Do prokaryotes undergo mitosis?

Answer 50

No

Question 51

What is the lag phase in bacterial growth?

Answer 51

Prior to exponential growth, cell division does not occur even if growth conditions are ideal. dNTPs are being made

Question 52

What are the three phases to bacterial growth?

Answer 52

lag phase , exponential phase, stationary phase

Question 53

What happens in stationary phase?

Answer 53

Bacteria ceases to divide due to lack of nutrients

Question 54

What is carrying capacity?

Answer 54

max population of bacteria at stationary phase

Question 55

What is endospore formation?

Answer 55

Formed under unfavorable conditions. Still metabolically active. Only one spore per cell

Question 56

What is germination?

Answer 56

metabolic reactivation of endospore

Question 57

What are the three mechanisms of genetic exchange between bacteria?

Answer 57

transduction, transformation, and conjugation

Question 58

What is transduction?

Answer 58

lysogenic cycle. Employs use of lysogenic phage

Question 59

What is transformation?

Answer 59

pure DNA added and bacteria internalizes it

Question 60

What is conjugation?

Answer 60

Bacteria makes physical contact and forms a bridge. F+ reaches out to F- to become F+

Question 61

What is the frequency of recombination with F+ cells?

Answer 61

High frequency recombination

Question 62

What is conjugation mapping?

Answer 62

Analyze the recipient of cells in conjugation to see what was transferred

Question 63

If a parasitic bacteria is obligate where is it located on the cell?

Answer 63

Only inside the cell

Question 64

If a parasitic bacteria is facultive where is it located on cell?

Answer 64

Inside or outside cell

Question 65

If a bacteria is symbiotic, what does this mean?

Answer 65

It coexists with the host and derives a benefit

Question 66

What is chitin of fungi?

Answer 66

rigid cell wall different from plant and bacterial cell wall but found in exoskeleton of insects

Question 67

What kind of trophs are fungi?

Answer 67

chemoheterotrophs

Question 68

What kind of fungi feed off of dead plants and animals?

Answer 68

Saprophytes

Question 69

What kind of fungi feed off living organisms?

Answer 69

Parasites

Question 70

What kind of fungi have a symbiotic relationship where both organisms profit?

Answer 70

Mutualists

Question 71

What is the method of nutrition in fungi?

Answer 71

absorptive

Question 72

What is a hypha in multicellular fungi?

Answer 72

long filament of cells joined end to end

Question 73

What is septate hyphae?

Answer 73

cells separated by walls called septae

Question 74

What are aseptate hyphae?

Answer 74

cells joined together in a long tube, in which cytoplasmic contents and nuclei are shared among cells making hypha

Question 75

Are Fungi multinucleate?

Answer 75

Yes

Question 76

What are haustoria?

Answer 76

hyphae that are specialized to digest and absorb nutrients in parasitic fashion

Question 77

What is a myecelium?

Answer 77

meshwork of hyphae

Question 78

What is a thallus and its components?

Answer 78

large fungal structure. It has a vegetative portion and fruiting body

Question 79

What is the function of the fruiting body in thallus?

Answer 79

functions in reproduction making spores