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Junior Year > Psych Test > Flashcards

Psych Test Flashcards

0
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

depression that occurs regularly at the same time each year; usually during the winter months

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1
Q

Melatonin

A

a neurochemical that has a cause and effect relationship with sleep; secreted by the pineal gland

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2
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

instruction given during hypnosis that are applied after they are awake

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3
Q

persistent vegetative state (PVS)

A

an abnormal state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness

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4
Q

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

A

involuntary movement of an extremity, usually one leg

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5
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

a sleep disorder in which an otherwise healthy infant dies while sleeping

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6
Q

forward conditioning

A

the Conditioned Stimulus is presented before the Unconditioned Stimulus

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7
Q

Delay conditioning

A

Conditioned Stimulus is present until the Unconditioned Stimulus begins

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8
Q

Trace Conditioning

A

Conditioned Stimulus is removed some time before the Unconditioned Stimulus is presented

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9
Q

Omission training

A

seeks to decrease the frequency of behavior by withholding the reward until the desired behavior is demonstrated

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10
Q

Token Economy

A

tokens can be exchanged for other reinforcers

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11
Q

Edward Tolman

A

conducted a rat experiment that demonstrates latent learning

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12
Q

What is stage one of the sleep cycle?

A

(30 seconds to 10 min) characterized by sensory images and slow, rolling eye movements. Appearance of Theta Waves on EEG

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13
Q

What is stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

A

(appx 20 min) appearance of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes on EEg

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14
Q

What is stage 3 in the sleep cycle?

A

transition to stage 4; beginning of delta waves

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15
Q

What is stage 4 in the sleep cycle?

A

(about 30 min) 20-50% delta waves on EEG

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16
Q

Pavlov

A

classical conditioning; ringing bell to show conditioned response in dogs

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17
Q

Skinner

A

designed operant chamber. a sound proof box with a bar that an animal presses to release a reward

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18
Q

Bandura

A

observational learning. showed modeling with Bobo doll. Observing and imitating a specific behavior

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19
Q

Watson

A

behaviorism which is the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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20
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals UCS begins to produce response that prepares for the UCS

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21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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22
Q

Depressants

A

alcohol, opiates. Depress the central nervous system, euphoria, decrease memory, self-awareness, mask pain

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23
Q

Stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, stimulate the central nervous system, increase activity, induce anxiety, increase blood pressure, heart, suppress appetite

24
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD, marijuana. Distort judgements of time, alter sensations/perceptions

25
Q

Fixed-ratio

A

reinforce after a set number of responses

26
Q

Fixed-interval

A

reinforce 1st response after a fixed time period

27
Q

Variable-ratio

A

reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses

28
Q

variable-interval

A

reinforce 1st response after varying time (slow acquire, hard extinguish)

29
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

quickest to acquire, quickest to extinguish

30
Q

conscious information processing

A

enables voluntary control and communication of mental state to other
(sequential and slow)

31
Q

Subconscious processing

A

beneath the surface, faster; can happen simultaneously and on parallel tracks

32
Q

hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility openness to suggestion is key, not any special ability by hypnotist.
Expectancy plays a role; NOT a unique state (Behaviors can be produce without hypnosis)

33
Q

Manifest Content

A

the “censored” version of latent- the story line

34
Q

Latent Content

A

the unconscious desires/wishes not expressed

35
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling, or staying asleep

36
Q

sleep apnea

A

intermittently stop breathing while asleep (most common in overweight males)

37
Q

narcolepsy

A

periodic, overwhelming sleepiness at inappropriate times

38
Q

What are the drawbacks of punishment?

A

increased aggression
fear of the punisher
suppresses unwanted behavior, but does not guide towards desirable

39
Q

Garcia and Koelling’s Studies

A

they noticed that rats began to avoid drinking water from plastic bottles. classical conditioning. tested by giving the rats a particular conditioned stimulus and later give them radiation or drugs. the rats avoided that flavor. developed aversions to tastes

40
Q

dualists

A

(mind-body distinct) see this as evidence of immortality

41
Q

monists

A

(mind-body are same thing) product of a brain under stress (hallucination)

42
Q

shaping

A

reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward goal or desired behavior

43
Q

reinforcer

A

any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response

44
Q

punishment

A

consequence that decrease the behavior that precedes it

45
Q

Skinner box

A

a chamber containing a bar the animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

46
Q

acquisition

A

process of repeated pairings of the CS and the UCS

result= associative learning (response then “acquired”)

47
Q

Extinction

A

procedure that leads to gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the Conditioned Response. Works by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus

48
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a period of no training

49
Q

generalization

A

occurs when a conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus even though they haven’t been associated with the unconditioned stimulus

50
Q

discrimination

A

occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus does not produce a conditioned response

51
Q

latent learning

A

learning that takes place before the reinforcement is given. shows that learning is not all shaped by immediate consequence. knowledge saved for later use (rats going slowly through a maze without reward; later able to navigate maze quickly to receive reward)

52
Q

circadian rhythms

A

24 hour daily cycle, temperature, pulse, blood pressure level

53
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presents a pleasant stimulus after a response (ex. food, attention, approval, money)

54
Q

negative reinforcement

A

reduce or remove an aversive stimulus (ex. aspirin for headache, snooze button)

55
Q

overjustification effect

A

when people come to see the rewards rather than the intrinsic interest as the motivation to perform a behavior

56
Q

intrinsic motivations

A

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

57
Q

extrinsic motivations

A

desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

Junior Year (37 decks)

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