Psychology Pt. 1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Transversal Studies
- Diff age groups studies at the same time
- Make comparisons = observational
- Problem: no info about repercussions
Double Blind Study
Neither patient nor researcher knows which treatment patient receives. Done in effort to reduce bias + keep researcher impartial.
Placebo Effect
Latin for “I shall please.” Substance that lacks any therapeutic effect.
Belmont Report Principles
- Respect for Persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Integrity
Belmont Report Principles: Respect for Persons
- All those involved should be regarded as independent individuals capable of making their own choices
- Those who are more dependent (children + intellectually disabled persons) need extra protection
- Participant’s privacy + confidential info should be respect
Belmont Report Principles: Beneficence
Psychologists should try to help their patients + do no harm to them while minimizing any unavoidable harm in the event of a conflict.
Belmont Report Principles: Justice
Individuals should be treated equally, while the subject selection process should be scrutinized to minimize systematic bias based on class, race, etc.
Belmont Report Principles: Integrity
Psychologist should not commit professional fraud or be dishonest, although deception may be used therapeutically in special circumstances.
Research Moral/Ethical Standards
- Consent
- Cannot harm
- Disclose length
- Give right to quit
- Respect confidentiality
- Animal well-being
The Stanford Prison Experiment
By Philip Zimbardo
Goal: to examine how ppl conform to roles of authority + submission.
Mistreatment: Stipping names, strict rules, perform degrading tasks.
Conclusion: Ppl quickly, especially in a structured environment, ordinary individuals can engage in cruel behaviour when given power + no accountability.
The Milgram Experiment
Aimed to study how far ppl would go in obeying authority, even when harming someone.
Viktor Frankl
Striving to find a meaning in one’s life = primary motivational force = will-to-meaning
Meaning to life can be discovered by:
1. Doing the deed
2. Experiencing a vlaue
3. Suffering
3 Ways We Remember
- Recall: retrieving previously learned info
- Recognition: identifying previously learned info
- Re-learning: reinforcing info
Levels of Memory
Sensory, short term, long term
Types of Memory: Episodic
Allows us to recall events, situations, + specific experiences.
The Limric System
The brain system responsible for emotions + memory.
Hippocampus
Responsible for organization + transfer long term into permanent memory. Shrinkage –> Alzheimer’s Disease
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to create new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to recall memories.
Amygdala
Associating memories w/ emotions + sensory triggers; strongly associated w/ negative emotion.
Wilhelm Wundt
Founder of STRUCTURALISM – asked ppl to practice introspection + describe everything that went through their mind. Taught students to raise important questions + use scientific method.
Created the first psychology lab in 1879.
Analytical Psychology
Branch of psychology founded by CARL JUNG, based on the idea that balancing a person’s psyche would all them to reach their full potential.
Approaches to Psychology: Biological Theories
Behaviour is inherited as a result of genes + is controlled by hormones + chemistry in the brain.
(birthed neuroscience)
DOES NOT view behaviour or actions as being influenced by inner thoughts or experiences; rather a result of chemical reaction + genetic variations.
Approaches to Psychology: Psychodynamic Theories
Behaviour is directed by forces w/in one’s personality; forces are often hidden or unconscious. Views internal impulses, desires, conflicts, + behaviour as a result of clashing forces w.in personality + has a PESSIMISTIC view of human nature.
