Psychology Pt. 3 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Attachment - John Bowlby, Harry Harlow, Mary Ainsworth
They said there had to be more to attachment than fulfillment of basic needs.
- The new belief: infants are born w/ social needs (seek contact)
- Harlow concluded that babies are attached to their mothers b/c she provides comfort, not simply as a source of things.
2 Aspects to Attachment
- Being w/ the caregiver brings contentment
- Being away from the caregiver evokes distress
Attachment Styles: Securely Attached
Shown to help children empathize, learn, develop relationships, cope w/ stress, handle fear, + be independent.
Attachment Styles: Anxious Avoidant
- Caregiver is disengaged + doesn’t meet needs –> child feels their actions have little to no impact
- Child appears to not care whether caregiver is there or not, BUT they care a lot
- As adults, they’re more likely to have problems w/ intimacy + invest little in social or emotional relationships
Attachment Styles: Anxious Ambivalent
- Caregiver is unpredictable + distant –> child appears clingy + doesn’t explore
- Child learns to raise their emotional state to gain attention
- Given attention, they act resistant
- Not easily calmed when caregiver returns
- As adults, they’re more likely to struggle in relationships, worrying they’re not loved + personality can be described as “moody” + “unpredictable”
Attachment Styles: Anxious Disorganized
- More unpredictable treatment
- Cries during separation, but is not comforted when caregiver returns
- Due to negligence/abuse, child becomes anxious of ppl who are supposed to provide care
–> “disorganizes” their ideas of love + safety b/c of frequent state of fear
The Strange Experiment
Let a child play w/ mother for a few mins inside a room. Then child is left alone. Key moment is child’s reaction when mom returns.
Securely Attached response: hug the mother, calm down, go back to playing.
Insecurely Attached response: become ambivalent or avoidant. Some can’t stop crying or refuse to continue playing.
Defence Mechanisms
Help EGO deal w/ conflicts in life, as the EGO acts as a mediator between emotions + reality. When the self has difficulty making a decision, it uses one of the defence mechanisms, subconsciously, to protect itself.
3 Categories of Phobias
- Specific (situational; natural environment; animal; blood-injection-injury)
- Social
- Agoraphobia: Fear of any situation where escape would be difficult + help wouldn’t be forthcoming.
How Phobias Develop
Classical Conditioning: You experience smth bad involving a thing, you associate the bad experience w/ that thing, then you become afraid of it.
Observational Conditioning: Watching others react fearfully.
Phobia Treatments
- Systematic desensitization (exposure therapy)
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
- Antidepressants
Psychotherapy
A therapist uses a range of technologies to help a patient overcome troubles, gain insight, + achieve personal growth.
Common Triggers
- Environment factors (ex. family life)
- Psychological factors (ex. neglect)
- Chemical factors
- Genetics
- Brain defects, infections, injury
Personality Disorders (Psychopaths/Sociopaths/Narcissists)
Psychopaths: total or partial disregard for the rights + welfare of others.
- No remorse, guilt, + shame
- More calculative/manipulative
Sociopaths: A psychopath is born, + a sociopath is made.
- More impulsive, irresponsible, + no empathy/remorse
Narcissist: Lacks empathy, entitles, seeking-validation, arrogant, + trouble regulating self-esteem
Stress Management & Healthy Coping Skills
- Visualization strategies
- Circular breathing + muscle relaxation
- Distraction strategies
- Movement strategies
- Thought changing strategy
- Gratitude strategies
Psychoanalysis
Outdated.
Hours spent talking to a therapist.
Psychodynamic Therapy
- Interpretations
- Self-insight
- Repressed feelings
- Memories + unconscious thoughts
- Free association + dream analysis
Humanist Therapy
Inherent capacity for making rational choices, achieving self-acceptance, + attaining their max. potential.
Existentialist Therapy
- Max. human potential
- Meaning in life
- Overcome existential fears
- Access “genuine self”
Behavioural Therapy
Aims to change behaviour to change emotions + moods.
- Problem behaviour = issue
- Elimination of unwanted behaviour
- New conditioning
Cognitive Therapy
Changing what we say to ourselves. Focused on how ppl think rather than act.
“Medical Model of Psychological Disorder”
- Stated that disorders have Physiological causes + symptoms which can be treated
- Stopped simply looking ppl up; instead we try to resolve their issues
Treatment: De-institutionalization (Freud vs. Skinner)
When a patient is introduced back into society.
Freud: Find + deal w/ the internal cause (psychodynamic)
Skinner: Conditioning techniques that associate pleasant experiences w/ fear objects (behavioural)
2-D Model of Emotion
Pleasant
Negative Positive
Unpleasant
