Psychopathology

Question 1

what is statistical infrequency?

Answer 1

Occurs when a person has individual has a less common characteristic, for example low Iq. They deviate around the norm
+real world application
-unusual characteristics can be positive

Question 2

What is deviation of social norms?

Answer 2

Not conforming to the societal rules. For example, not wearing a bra.
+real world application
-cultural relativism

Question 3

what is failure to function adequately ?

Answer 3

occurs when a person cannot cope with everyday life.
+threshold for help
-may not be generalisable as people choose to live differently

Question 4

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 4

When a person does not meet Jahodas criteria for ideal mental health.
eg- ability to self actualise, cope with stress
+highly comprehensive
-inapplicable to people grieving

Question 5

what’s a phobia?

Answer 5

an irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Question 6

what are the DSM-5 categories of phobia?

Answer 6

specific phobia

social anxiety or social phobia

Agoraphobia

Question 7

behavioural characteristics of phobias?

Answer 7

Panic

avoidance

Endurance

Question 8

emotional characteristics of phobias?

Answer 8

anxiety

fear

Emotional responses unreasonable

Question 9

cognitive characteristics of phobias?

Answer 9

Selective attention to the phobic stimulus

irrational beliefs

Cognitive distortions

Question 10

What is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?

Answer 10

The two process model
acquisition by classical conditioning
maintenance by operant conditioning
+real world application (exposure therapy)
+ Links between traumatic experience and phobias
-Avoids cognitive aspects of phobias

Question 11

what are treatments for phobias?

Answer 11

systematic desensitisation
+evidence for effectiveness
+help people with learning disabilities

flooding
+ cost-effective
-Ethical issues such as traumatisation

Question 12

What is depression?

Answer 12

A mental disorder characterised by low mood and energy

Question 13

DSM –5 categories of depression

Answer 13

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 14

What are behaviour characteristics of depression?

Answer 14

activity levels

disruption to sleep and eating behaviour

Aggression and self harm

Question 15

what are the emotional characteristics of depression?

Answer 15

lowered mood

anger

Low self-esteem

Question 16

cognitive characteristics of depression?

Answer 16

Poor concentration

dwelling on the negative

Absolute thinking

Question 17

what are the two cognitive approaches to explaining depression?

Answer 17

becks negative triad
-negative view on-self, world,future
-faulty information processing
-negative self schema

Ellis’s ABC model
- A activating events
-B beliefs
C-consequences

Question 18

What are evaluations to the cognitive approach of explaining depression?

Answer 18

becks negative triad
+ research support
Real world application such as cognitive behavioural therapy

Ellis ABC model
+ Real world application
-only explains reactive depression

Question 19

What is CBT?

Answer 19

cognitive behavioural therapy is a method for treating mental disorders with the aim to change thinking such as challenging negative thoughts I’m putting more effective behaviours in place

Question 20

What is becks cognitive therapy?

Answer 20

A client will identify the negative triad and will start to challenge these thoughts by turning them into positive thoughts. A therapist will challenge and prove that the client statements are incorrect.

Question 21

What is Ellis’s rational emotional behavioural therapy?

Answer 21

ABCDE
D-Dispute

Question 22

What is ocd?

Answer 22

A mental health condition where a person will have obsessive thoughts and compulsions.

Question 23

What are the behavioural characteristics of ocd?

Answer 23

compulsions- anxiety reducing

compulsions-repetition

avoidance

Question 24

What are the emotional charectaristics of OCD?

Answer 24

guilt

disgust

depression

Question 25

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Answer 25

Obsessive thoughts cognitive coping strategies insight into excessive anxiety

Question 26

outline the genetic explanations for OCD

Answer 26

-candidate genes (genes which may have been passed on cause vunerablity to OCD) -OCD is Polygenic OCD is not the result of one specific gene, but many together Taylor- over 230 genes associated with OCD -Different types of OCD one group may cause OCD in one person, whereas won't effect another person

Question 27

outline ways of studying OCD

Answer 27

Twin studies- twins who share genes or fully share genes, you are able to evaluate the effects of a certain situation

Question 28

evaluate the genetic explanation of OCD

Answer 28

research support, Twin studies, 68% of MZ towns had OCD, compared to 31% MZ twins, suggesting there is some genetic influence on OCD -Environment- doesn't take into account the environment , which may effect OCD such as trauma +animals studies support (Ahamri ) found that their is a particular gene associated with repetitive behaviours in mice.

Question 29

outline the neural explanation of OCD

Answer 29

THE ROLE OF SEROTONIN Reduction of functioning serotonin within the brain DECISION MAKING SYSTEMS impaired decision making, abnormal function of the frontal lobes within the brain there is evidence of associating the left parahippocampal gyrus with OCD

Question 30

evaluate the neural explanation of OCD

Answer 30

RESEARCH SUPPORT Antidepressents work purely on serotonin, and using these helps Ocd -NO UNIQUE NEURAL SYSTEM most people who have OCD also are struggling with depression, which could be the reason for their to be a link with serotonin

Question 31

Outline the biological treatment for OCD

Answer 31

SSRIS- preventing the reabsorption of neurotransmitters, therefore increasing the amount of serotonin within a synapse. this compensates for whatever was wrong in the serotonin system. combining SSRIS with CBT this helps reduce a persons emotional symptoms, such as anxiety or depression

Question 32

Outline alternatives to SSRIS when treating OCD

Answer 32

Tricylics- an old antidepressant SNRIS- increase levels of serotonin as well as noradrenaline

Question 33

evaluate the biological treatment of OCD

Answer 33

+Evidence of effectiveness researcher found that typically, symptoms decrease 70% when taken, in contrast to a placebo +cost effective and practical -serious side effect