Punctuation Flashcards

Question

Hyphens are used for what part of speech?

Answer 1

**compound adjectives**. ## Footnote * evidence-based practice* * follow-up appointment*

Answer 2

1. a number series: scores, time ranges, *pp. 12-59* 2. joining compounds *Middle School-High School Science Fair; Gay-Straight Alliance; New York-Based Artist*

Answer 3

1. to signal an INTERRUPTION or an abrupt break in speech ("We cannot allow–" Then the phone went dead.") 2. to set off an appositive or parenthetical 3. to signal an abrupt shift in thought or meaning

Answer 4

1. **Posession** * The KING'S English* 2. **Omission** * I CAN'T stand it. The class of '89. Yes, ma'am.*

Answer 5

1. dialogue 2. quoted material 3. air quotes 4. shorter works, such as articles, song titles ...

Answer 6

quotes within quotes

Answer 7

It separates words, clauses, or phrases within a sentence.

Answer 8

soft pause

Answer 9

separate subject from verb

Answer 10

False. Do not separate two nouns that appear together as a subject or object. *Cleo and her band will be playing at Dockside Diner next Friday.* EXCEPTION: If the second item is parenthetical.

Answer 11

False. Do not separate the verbs in a compound predicate with commas. ## Footnote *Cleo will sing and play banjo.*

Answer 12

When the subject of a sentence is doing more than one thing, i.e., is the subject of multiple verbs. ## Footnote *Cleo will sing and play banjo.*

Answer 13

Use of a comma when the predicate is made up of a long verb phrase. * **INCORRECT: I meant to buy tickets for Cleo’s show, but ran out of time.** * **CORRECT: I meant to buy tickets for Cleo’s show but ran out of time.**

Answer 14

when there's a chance of a misreading. ## Footnote *Cleo spotted the man who entered the diner, and waved.*

Answer 15

When two independent clauses are joined by a comma (and w/o a conjunction) A comma is not strong enought to join two independent clauses.

Answer 16

either a comma + conjunction or a semi-colon

Answer 17

* **Participial phrases** *Grabbing her umbrella, Kate raced out of the house. Confused by the lights, he staggered out of the house.* * **Adverbial Phrases** *After the ballgame, they went out to dinner.*

Answer 18

for adverbial phrases shorter than four words (this is optional)

Answer 19

A little thought that pops up in a sentence to show emotion, tone, or emphasis. ## Footnote *It was, sadly, the last day of camp.*

Answer 20

a PHRASE that ADDS extra information to a sentence but could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Answer 21

Use a comma before. ## Footnote * You know what to do, don't you?* * You know what I mean, right?* * I'm right, no?*

Answer 22

set off the name with a comma. This is known as DIRECT ADDRESS. * MOM, I can't find my shoes.* * Hello, Chester.*

Answer 23

A word or phrase that restates or refers to another noun in the same sentences. Appositives often provide further information about the noun or help to distinguish it. * My mother, ANGELA, is a wonderful cook.* * Edgar Allen Poe's poem The Raven is a classic.*

Answer 24

1. Essential/Restrictive -- appositive cannot be removed w/o altering meaning of sentence -- NO COMMAS * Edgar Allen Poe's poem The Raven is a classic.* 2. Nonessential/Nonrestrictive -- you can remove the appositive w/o changing the meaning of the sentence -- USE COMMAS * My mother, Angela, is a wonderful cook.*

Answer 25

Month + year does not need a comma ## Footnote *July 2014*

Answer 26

Try switching the order of them: if the sentence still sounds natural, they are coordinate.

Answer 27

adjectives that modify a noun to an equal degree.

Answer 28

separate them with a COMMA. Otherwise, do NOT use a comma. * COORDINATING: That man is a pompous, arrogant, annoying idiot. * NON-COORDINATING: The adorable little boy was eating ice cream.

Answer 29

A clause that adds information about something mentioned but does is not essential to identify that thing. *Posey's Cafe, which Chester recommended, is a fantastic restaurant.*

Answer 30

yes ## Footnote *My wife, whom I love dearly, is a brilliant physicist.*

Answer 31

A clause that adds essential information to a sentence. ## Footnote *The cafe that Chester recommended is an excellent restaurant.*

Answer 32

THAT WHO *The cafe that Chester recommended is a fantastic restaurant*

Answer 33

False. ## Footnote *The cafe that Chester recommends is a fantastic restaurant.*

Answer 34

FALSE. ## Footnote *You can wear a pashmina not only for the warmth but also for the fashion.*

Answer 35

After. Yes. ## Footnote *After opening the cookie tin (and eating all the cookies), Chester phoned his mother.*

Answer 36

Not unless it's part of a nonrestrictive clause. * Correct: Please proofread for grammatical mistakes as well as spelling. * Correct: Spelling mistakes, as well as grammatical errors, are distracting to readers.

Answer 37

Depends on whether it introduces a restrictive or nonrestrictive clause. * Correct: Coniferous trees, SUCH AS pine or spruce, do not drop their needles... * Correct: Trees SUCH AS pine and spruce do not drop their needles...

Answer 38

**Optional**. It simply adds **emphasis**. I like bananas too. I too like bananas. I like bananas, too. I, too, like bananas.

Answer 39

a semi-colon

Answer 40

Heavy snow continues to fall at the airport; consequently, all flights have been grounded.

Answer 41

1. the SERIAL SEMI-COLON (where a series has internal commas) 2. to indicate THERE IS MORE TO COME. But unlike colons, which point forward, semi-colons **reflect back** There are three official border crossings near Otay Mesa; one, for commercial vehicles, is inside the industrial zone. Her previous home, painted with white walls, had come to seem as sterile as an Apple Store; skylights in the kitchen made the brightness almost oppressive.

Answer 42

They introduce clauses that REFINE what came before. While colons point forward, semi-colons REFLECT BACK on the first half of the sentence. "There are three official border crossings near Otay Mesa; one, for commercial vehicles, is inside the industrial zone."

Answer 43

Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that connect two clauses by describing their relationship to one another. Examples: however, also, consequently, thus, nevertheless, next clauses are joined by a semi-colon; the conjunctive adverb is enclosed in a comma.

Answer 44

for explanations, summaries, or examples use a COLON. ## Footnote * Studholme’s personal aesthetic is more bohemian than that of most Farrow & Ball clients: at the presentation, she wore a linen caftan paired with Converse sneakers ... [example]* * Pre-made commercial paints emerged in the nineteenth century, but their manufacture was messy and noxious: lead, a principal ingredient, gave an excellent cover and finish, but it was also toxic. [explanation]*

Answer 45

em dash Dishes, laundry, dusting—they’re all done now, and I need a rest.

Answer 46

Chocolate, strawberry, vanilla—all ice cream tastes good, especially on a hot summer’s day.

Answer 47

"it is" or "they are" There was only one person suited to the job—Mr. Lee. In this way they function like colons, but are not used for lists of multiple items, and are used less frequently in formal writing situations:

Answer 48

FREE MODIFIER

Answer 49

they are set off with commas Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously.

Answer 50

for phrases or clauses that refer to the beginning or middle of a sentence. (These are known as free modifiers.) Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship**, laughing joyously**. (If the placement of the modifier causes confusion, then it is not "free" and must remain "bound" to the word it modifies.)

Answer 51

marking the thoughtful subordination of information -Mary Norris

Answer 52

Think of a light dimmer--the parenthesis dims the lights, while em dashes raise them. Think of parenthenses as more of a whisper

Answer 53

GIANT COMMAS "Before Atwater died (of brain cancer, in 1991), he expressed regret ... "

Answer 54

They both introduce extra information-- i.e., introduce clauses that explain or expand upon something that precedes them.

Answer 55

1. em dash is MORE DRAMATIC (more dashing!). It EMPHASIZES, calls more attention to itself. 2. em dash is LESS FORMAL

Answer 56

EM DASHES or PARENTHESES em dashes turn up the volume on the parenthetical * Standing before the crowd, she showed slides of houses that she’d worked on—Hayley Allman’s house was prominently featured.

Answer 57

1. CLOSE punctuation 2. OPEN punctuation

Answer 58

1. AURAL — i.e., punctuating by ear ( "," = 1-beat; ";" = 2-beat; "." = 3 or 4-beat; ':' = sharp accelerando [something important is coming]) 2. VISUAL 3. \*SYNTACTICAL — punctuating according to grammatical and syntactical units

Answer 59

* independent clauses * dependent clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive) * phrases

Answer 60

1. to mark the end of sentences (terminal punctuation) 2. to join independent and dependent clauses 3. to set off phrases

Answer 61

If the project is approved, traffic will increase by 20 percent. Perpetual gridlock. Lesson: Sentence fragments are OK when used for special emphasis; use them sparingly, though.

Answer 62

DIRECT QUESTIONS only —Should the project by funded? —The topic for debate was, Should the project by funded? but not for INDIRECT QUESTIONS —The question is whether the project should be funded.

Answer 63

The question is whether the project will be funded.

Answer 64

Would you please complete your report by Friday.

Answer 65

Employees should not second guess company policy by asking why.

Answer 66

1. When they are connected by a coordinating conjunction 2. In rare cases, when a sentence is comprised of **three** **short** independent clauses that **share the same grammatical subject** (2) "He came, he saw, he conquered."

Answer 67

Read the instructions, fill out the form, and submit the completed form to the office. Rule: Use commas to connect three short independent clauses that share the same grammatical subject. Note: Because the implied subject of an imperative verb is always "you," the above sentence shares a grammatical subject. [One often finds this in recipe writing!]

Answer 68

grammatical nature and length

Answer 69

When it is BOTH * 2 or 3 words in length * functions as an ADVERB (an adverbial phrase)—that is, indicates time, place, manner, or degree unless * it can be misread w/o a comma

Answer 70

*At noon the staff will meet discuss new software.* No commas because sentence is introduced by a short adverbial phrase (indicating time).

Answer 71

*In this way one can solve most quadratic equations.* No comma needed for short adverbial phrase (of manner) at beginning of the sentence.

Answer 72

*In all, cases of typhus decreased by 43 percent between 1991 and 1995.* Adverbial introductory phrase (degree) should not get a colon so as to prevent a misreading of "In all cases" as a unity of thought.

Answer 73

***Unfortunately**, the presentation was interrupted by a power outage.* *Place a comma after SENTENCE ADVERBS*

Answer 74

***Next**, the recipes are tested in professional kitchens.* TRANSITIONAL ADVERBS must be set off with commas.

Answer 75

*The snow (I caught a glimpse of it as I passed the window) was now falling heavily.* Rule: Omit periods at the end of sentences within sentences.

Answer 76

*The binoculars ... where the devil did I put them?* Use ellipses for **faltering speech** accompanied by * confusion * uncertainty * insecurity * doubt * distress

Answer 77

*"The ship ... oh my God! ... it's sinking!" cried Henrietta* Use ellipses for faltering speech accompanied by * confusion * uncertainty * insecurity * doubt * distress The em dash, by contrast, suggests decisiveness.

Answer 78

(b) Lamon gained access to Pinkerton's _February 23, 1861 report_. Rule: Omit the comma after the year if you're using the date as an adjective.

Answer 79

You begin to ask the question, Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two-thirds water? Rule: Use a comma before a direct question contained within another sentence.

Answer 80

We can pose the question**, W**here did these attitudes and behavior originate**?**

Answer 81

We can pose the question, Where did these attitudes and behavior originate? Rule: Use a comma before a direct question contained within another question.

Answer 82

Not wanting to make a scene, she grudgingly released her hold on the necklace. Rule: Don't use a comma between a verb and its object, except to set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause.

Answer 83

**Not this:** Just before he hit, [at full speed], the rough stone wall of the pool, the All-American freestyler tucked his chin, swung his legs over his head, and flipped over. **But this:** Just before he hit the rough stone wall of the pool [at full speed], the All-American freestyler tucked his chin, swung his legs over his head, and flipped over. **Rule:** Don't use a comma between a verb and its object, except to set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause.

Answer 84

**Not this:** Waving her rolling pin angrily, the baker chased the young boys down the alley, screaming at them _to, "get lost."_ **But this:** Waving her rolling pin angrily, the baker chased the young boys down the alley, screaming at them to "get lost." **Rule:** Don't use a comma to set off a quotation that blends into the rest of the sentence.

Answer 85

He hated sitting in the armchairs but felt much more at ease in the kitchen chairs. **Rule:** Don't use a comma in the second part of a compound predicate--that is, when a second verb has the same subject as an earlier one.

Answer 86

BUT [no comma] TOO OFTEN, the people who talk this way go on to churn out the ancient formulas we have been listening to for a whole lifetime. Rule: Generally, don't use a comma after a sentence-starting conjunction.

Answer 87

We were elated, but realizing that the day was almost over, we decided to go to bed. **Rule** (Chicago 6.32): If the conjunction joins two independent clauses, the comma precedes the conjunction. Strictly speaking, it would not be wrong to add a second comma after *but*. Such usage, which would extend the logic of commas in pairs, may be preferred in certain cases for emphasis or clarity.

Answer 88

1. Run-in -- run into the text; reserved for shorter quotations 2. Set-off -- as "extracts" (block quotations); reserved for longer quotations

Answer 89

1. mark beginning and end of extract 2. delete quotation marks (extracts do not have quotation marks!) 3. typecode the block to indicate it is an extract 4. change any single quotation marks to double quotation marks

Answer 90

*Heraclitus wrote, "Nothing endures but change."* **Rule**: Run-in quotations may be introduced by a comma or a colon. The choice reflects 1. the syntax of the introductory phrase 2. the length of the quotation 3. the degree of formality

Answer 91

Use an opening double quotation mark at the beginning of each paragraph and a closing double quotation mark at the end of the last paragraph in the quotation.

Answer 92

*In devising their classification scheme, Potrero and Sanchez wanted to ensure that it _would account for_ "patterns of intraspecific..."* 1. Revise to fix the tense shift of original 2. Move the quotation marks so as not to fracture the phrasing of the sentence or quotation; ie don't break up "acount for"

Answer 93

In Emerson's words, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." **Rule:** The syntax of a sentence as a whole determines the punctuation immediately preceding and following a quotation.

Answer 94

*Emerson argues that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."* ## Footnote **Rule**: Syntactical fit: The syntax of a sentence as a whole determines the punctuation immediately preceding and following a quotation.

Answer 95

"No," said Mr. Stephens, "certainly not." **Rule**: When quoted speech is introduced, interrupted, or followed by a _reporting verb_ such as *said, shouted,* etc.*,* the interpolation is usually separated from the speech by commas. (Fowler)

Answer 96

*Rather than mince words she told them: "You have forced this move upon me."* **Rule** (Fowler): Use a COLON to introduce 1. more formal speech 2. speeches of more than one sentence

Answer 97

*He called "Good morning!"* ## Footnote **Rule**: Very short speeches do not need introductory punctuation.

Answer 98

*The governor said no to our proposal.* **Rule:** 1. Very short speeches do not need introductory punctuation 2. Do *not* enclose the words *yes* or *no* or question words such as *where* and *why* in quotation marks when they represent REPORTED SPEECH or tacit PARAPHRASING.

Answer 99

*He said "Yes!", but she retorted "No!"* **RULE:** 1. Very short speeches do not need introductory punctuation 2. The words *yes* and *no* and question words such as *where* and *wh*y are enclosed in quotation marks where they represent DIRECT SPEECH, but not when they represent reported speech or tacit paraphrasing.

Answer 100

*The terse instructions ("Place tab A into slot B. Secure tab A") were not helpful.* **Rule** (Einsohn): Occasionally, a tuck-in parenthetical comment consists of two sentences. In that case, the first sentence carries a terminal punctuation mark, but _the second does not_:

Answer 101

*Who can forget his "Who doesn't like Nascar?" remark?* **RULE** (Einsohn): At the end of a quotation, the terminal punctuation mark is placed inside the closing quotation mark.

Answer 102

The topic for debate was, Should this program be funded? Rule: 1. A question mark indicates that the sentence is a DIRECT QUESTION 2. The first letter of a formal question is CAPITALIZED. 1. But brief, informal questions are CAPITALIZED _only_ when presented as dialogue He asked himself, "Why not?" He asked himself, why not?

Answer 103

1. He asked himself, "Why not?" (dialogue) 2. He asked himself, why not? * The first letter of a formal question is capitalized, BUT the first letter of BRIEF INFORMAL QUESTIONS (1) are lower case _except_ when presented as DIALOGUE (2). * In other words, use _lower case_ for the first letter of BRIEF INFORMAL QUESTIONS--unless they are presented as dialogue.

Answer 104

*Last year popular fiction accounted for half of all books purchased (business and self-help book were the second largest category).* **Rule**: When a parenthetical sentence is tucked inside another sentence, the parenthetical sentence does not take a terminal punctuation mark.

Answer 105

*Was it Jones who concluded that "the manufacturing schedule is entirely unrealistic"?* RULE: A question mark or exclamation point that is added as an editorial comment is placed outside the closing quotation mark.

Answer 106

*The prospectus states that "historical returns are not indicative of future performance."* **RULE** (Einsohn): Do not use a comma after a *that* that precedes a quotation.

Answer 107

The group's motto is "All for one, one for all." RULE: Do not use a comma before a quotation that is a direct object of a verb.

Answer 108

The Labor Party won 125 seats; the Freedom Party, 58; and the Dignity Party, 56. **Rule** (A.E.): Semi-colons are used to mark off the segments of a complex elliptical phrase.

Answer 109

Neither comma belongs. Instead... *I went to the movie "Midnight in Paris with my friend Jessie.* **Rule**: Do not use a comma to separate a definite generic noun ("the movie") from the name identifying its referent. [Pinker p290]

Answer 110

She said, "I don't want to go." RULE: Use a comma before DIRECT QUOTATIONS. [Pinker P291]

Answer 111

She said that she didn't want to go. Do not use a comma to introduce an INDIRECT QUOTATION. [Pinker p291]

Answer 112

Garnett replied: "I hope you are not referring to me. Because if you are..." Rule (CMOS 13.16): Use a colon in place of a comma to introduce **quotations of more than one sentence** or, occassionally, to add emphasis.

Answer 113

Friday's conclusion was alarming: "Without significant intervention, your home town will have gone the way of Atlantis by century's end." Rule (CMOS 13.16): When a quotation is introduced by an independent clause (i.e., a grammatically complete sentence), a colon should be used.

Answer 114

A second danger: some novice copyeditors misinterpret the recommendations in *The Elements of Style*. Rule: Use a COLON after a work, phrase, or sentence to introduce something that follows, such as a formal question or quotation, an amplification, or an example. (WIT, p. 180) "A second danger" here functions as an introductory label.

Answer 115

...wrote "One..." ## Footnote An _independent clause_ quoted in the form of a dialogue or from text and _introduced with_ *said, wrote, asked, replied...* is usually introduced w/ a COMMA --CMOS 6.40