Quick Facts Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Most common cause of neural tube defects?
A
Folate deficiency.
2
Q
Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US?
A
EtOH.
3
Q
Most common cause of congenital MR in the US?
A
Fetal alcohol syndrome.
4
Q
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation? The defect is in which protein?
A
Marfan syndrome.
Defect in fibrillin.
5
Q
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss. Defect is in?
A
Alport syndrome.
Defect in collagen IV.
6
Q
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead. Ddx.
A
Bell’s palsy.
Ddx is stroke, forehead usually spared.
7
Q
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis.
A
Horner syndrome.
8
Q
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain:
A
Alzheimers.
9
Q
Drooling farmer:
A
Organophosphate poisoning.
10
Q
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance:
A
Sheehan syndrome.
11
Q
Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia:
A
Prolactinoma.
12
Q
Most common causes of Cushing syndrome (3):
A
- Exogenous steroids
- Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor
- ACTH-secreting tumor in pituitary
13
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal:
A
Benign non-functional adenoma
14
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults:
A
Pheochromocytoma
15
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids:
A
Adrenal neuroblastoma
16
Q
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism:
A
Spironolactone / eplerenone
17
Q
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma:
A
Phenoxybenzamine / phentolamine
18
Q
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, hyperparathyroidism:
A
MEN 2A
19
Q
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas:
A
MEN 2B
20
Q
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation:
A
Addison disease
21
Q
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis:
A
Conn syndrome
22
Q
Most common thyroid cancer:
A
Papillary
23
Q
Cold intolerance
A
Hypothyroid
24
Q
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei:
A
Papillary thyroid cancer
25
Standard tx for DKA:
Fluids, insulin (IV), K+
26
Standard treatment for DM 1:
| Standard treatment for DM 2:
DM 1: Insulin, low sugar diet
| DM 2: Weight loss, exercise, oral agents
27
Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia.
Plummer-Vinson
28
Hematemesis with retching:
Mallory-Weiss tear, or Boerhaev's
29
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus:
Signet ring cell
30
Most common type of stomach cancer:
Adenocarcinoma
31
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer:
Kruckenberg tumor
32
Gastic ulcerations and high gastrin levels:
Zollinger-Ellison
33
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma:
Cushing ulcer
34
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns:
Curling ulcer
35
Painless jaundice:
Pancreatic cancer (especially in the head)
36
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis:
Gallstones, followed by EtOH.
37
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis:
EtOH.
38
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation:
Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
39
Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin / anti-endomysial Ab:
Celiac disease
40
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes:
Fatty liver
41
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes:
Mallory bodies
42
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis:
Hepatocellular carcinoma
43
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate:
Crigler-Najjar type I
44
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia, most common cause:
Gilbert syndrome
45
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites, no JVD:
Budd-Chiari
46
Green / yellow corneal deposits:
Wilson disease
47
Low serum ceruloplasmin:
Wilson disease
48
Cirrhosis, diabetes, and hypertension:
Hemocrhromatosis
49
Treatment for chronic hepatitis:
IFN-a
50
Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease:
Catalase (+)
51
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE:
Job's syndrome = Hyper IgE
52
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes:
Chediak-Hegashi
53
Dark purple nodules on the skin of an HIV patient:
Kaposi's sarcoma
54
Large cells with owl's eye inclusions:
CMV
55
Treatment for CMV:
Ganciclovir
56
Most common opportunisitic infection in HIV patients:
PCP
57
Drug used to prevent pneumocystis pneumonia:
TMP-SMX
58
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation:
Heparin
59
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation:
Warfarin
60
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy:
Heparin
61
Boy who self-mutilates, mental retardation, gout:
Lesch-Nyhan
62
Elevated uric acid levels (3):
Loop / thiazide diuretics
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan
63
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia:
Can't fill up the cell:
Fe deficiency
Thalassemia
Pb poisoning (interferes with Fe)
64
Hypersegmented neutrophils:
Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
| Fe or B12
65
Skull x-ray with a "hair on end" appearance:
Sickle cell
| Beta thal. major
66
Basophilic stippling of RBCs:
Pb poisoning
67
Painful cyanosis of fingers and toes, with hemolytic anemia:
Cold agglutinin
68
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs:
PNH
69
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs:
Howell-Jolly bodies
70
Autosplenectomy
SS
71
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease:
Hydroxyurea
72
Antiplatelet antibodies:
ITP
73
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency:
Bernard-Soulier
74
Most common inherited bleeding disorder:
vW disease
75
Cancer most commonly associated with a non-infectious fever:
Hodgkin lymphoma
76
"Smudge" cells:
CLL
77
"Punched out" lytic bone lesions:
Multiple myeloma
78
Sheets of lymphoid cells with a "starry sky" appearance:
Burkitt's lymphoma
79
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins / poker chips:
Rouleaux formation
| Multiple myeloma
80
Monoclonal antibody spike:
Multiple myeloma
| also MGUS, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
81
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts:
Auer rods
| AML
82
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye inclusions":
Reed-Sternberg cells
| Hodgkin lymphoma
83
Treatment of choice for rickets and osteomalacia:
Vitamin D
84
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin:
Scurvy
85
Most common cancer of the appendix:
Carcinoid
86
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands:
Peutz-Jehgers syndrome
87
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors:
Gardners syndrome
88
Severe RLQ pain with rebound:
McBurney's sign
| Appendicitis
89
"Apple core" lesion on barium enema:
Colon cancer
90
Most common site of colonic diverticula:
Sigmoid
91
"String sign" on contrast X-ray:
Chron's disease
92
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast X-ray:
Ulcerative colitis
93
Food poisoning due to exotoxin:
Staph aureus
| Bacillus cereus
94
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease:
Salmonella
95
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in a patient with HIV:
Toxoplasma gondii
96
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis:
Metronidazole
| For both partners.
97
Most common protozoal diarrhea:
Giardia lamblia
98
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus:
Kartagener's
99
Elevated d-dimer, setting of lung pathology:
Pulmonary embolism
100
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood:
Virchow's triad
101
Blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
102
Pink puffer
Emphysema
103
Curschmann's spirals
Asthma
104
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension:
COPD
105
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis:
Sarcoidosis
106
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis:
Goodpasture's (Wegener's too)
107
Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab:
Goodpasture syndrome
108
Honeycomb lung on x-ray:
Interstitial fibrosis
109
"Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles:
Birbeck granules
110
Psammoma bodies, four pathologic processes:
```
PSMM:
Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
```
111
Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia:
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
112
Lung cancer associated with SIADH:
Small / oat cell carcinoma of the lung
113
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum:
Ferruginous bodies
| Asbestosis
114
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings:
Staph. aureus
| Bacillus cereus is a close second
115
Branching gram (+) rods with sulfur granules:
Actinomyces israelii
116
Calcified granuloma in the lung, hilar LAD:
Gohn complex, TB
117
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss:
Pott's disease
118
Standard treatment regimen for TB:
```
RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (+ pyridoxime, B6)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
```
119
Strandard treatment for T. pallidum:
Penicillin G
120
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite:
Pasturella multocida
121
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion:
Chancre
| T. pallidum, primary syphilis
122
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion:
Condyloma latum
123
Large bull's-eye rash:
Erythema chronicum migracans
124
Diseases with Bell's palsy as a complication (6):
```
my Lovely Belle Had An STD:
Lyme
Herpes zoster
AIDS
Sarcoid
Tumor
Diabetes
```
125
Continuous machinery-like murmur:
PDA
126
"Boot-shaped heart" in an infant:
Tetralogy of Fallot
| RVH
127
Rib notching:
Coarctation of the aorta
128
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly:
VSD
129
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis:
Tetralogy of Fallot
130
Cor pulmonale:
R-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease
131
Nutmeg liver
Passive congestion, two causes:
1. R sided heart failure
2. Budd-Chiari syndrome
132
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur:
Aortic regurgitation
133
Most common congenital heart murmur:
Mitral valve prolapse
134
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails:
Bacterial endocarditis
135
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers:
Roth spots
| Seen in bacterial endocarditis
136
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis:
Mitral valve
137
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis:
Tricuspid valve
138
Granulomatous nodules in the heart:
Aschoff bodies
| Seen in rheumatic fever
139
Most common cardiac tumor in adults:
Metastases
140
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children:
| In adults:
Rhabdomyoma
| L atrial myxoma
141
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis:
Lupus (in the U.S.)
| TB (in developing countries)
142
Cold, pale, painful digits:
Raynaud's phenomenon
143
c-ANCA:
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
| Wegener's
144
p-ANCA:
Microscopic polyangiitis
145
Treatment for Buerger disease:
Stop smoking
146
Treatment for temporal arteritis:
High-dose corticosteroids
147
Bone enlargement, bone, pain, arthritis:
Paget's disease of the bone
148
Vertebral compression fractures:
Osteoporosis
149
Most common cause of hypercalcemia:
Primary hyperparathyroidism
150
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism:
Parathyroid adenoma
151
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Chronic renal failure
| remember this causes hyPOcalcemia
152
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism:
Accidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery
153
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek:
Chvostek's sign
| Sign of hypercalcemia
154
Parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary tumors:
MEN1
155
Positive anterior drawer sign:
ACL tear
156
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint:
Podagra
| Gout
157
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints:
Osteoarthritis
158
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints:
Rheumatoid arthritis
159
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes:
Sjogren's
160
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals:
Pseudogout
161
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals:
Gout
162
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath:
Eburnation seen with osteoarthritis
163
Bamboo spine on X-ray:
Ankylosing spondylitis
164
HLA-B27:
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
165
Anti-Smith / anti-dsDNA Ab:
Lupus
166
Anti-histone Ab:
Drug-induced lupus
167
Anti-centromere Ab:
CREST
168
Anti-topoisomerase Ab:
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
169
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman:
Lupus
170
Most common cause of death in SLE:
Lupus nephritis
171
Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE:
Libman-Sachs endocarditis
172
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients:
Pneumocystis
173
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy:
Squamous cell cancer
174
Most common malignant skin tumor:
Basal cell carcinoma
175
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients:
Fluconazole
176
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients:
TMP-SMX
| alternative: clinda + primaquine for people with sulfa allergies, or pentamidine, dapsone
177
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii:
Oral potassium iodide
178
Treatment for oral candidiasis:
Nystatin
| Fluconazole if severe
179
Treatment for systemic candidiasis:
Amphotericin B
180
Treatment for central DI:
Desmopressin
181
Treatment for nephrogenic DI:
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
182
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI:
Amiloride
183
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli:
Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules
| DM
184
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis:
Wegener's
| Goodpasture
185
Red cell casts:
Glomerulonephritis
186
Waxy casts:
Chronic renal failure
187
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney:
Chronic pyelonephritis
188
Most common renal tumor:
Renal cell carcinoma
189
Most common type of renal stone:
Calcium
190
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris:
Struvite
191
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis:
TMP-SMX
192
Most common bacterium present in a patient with struvite kidney stones:
Proteus
193
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient:
Kaposi's sarcoma
| HHV-8
194
Temporal lobe encephalitis:
HSV-1
195
Owl's eye inclusions in monocytes:
CMV
196
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets, setting of viral infection:
Type A Cowdry bodies
| HSV / CMV infection
197
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient:
Parvovirus B19
198
Child with a fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face, spreading to the body:
Fifth disease, parvovirus B19
