Rabies

Question 1

T/F: Rabies virus is neurotropic

Answer 1

T

Question 2

what family of organisms does the rabies virus come from

Answer 2

Rhabdoviridae

Question 3

what are the major wildlife carriers of rabies in US

Answer 3

Racoons
skunks
foxes
bats

Question 4

are rodents considered reservoirs for rabies?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

are dogs and cats in the US reservoirs for rabies?

Answer 5

NO

Question 6

US has been declared free of canine rabies since _____?

Answer 6

2007
this DOES NOT mean that they can’t still get rabies

Question 7

what is the primary rabies virus variant outside of the US

Answer 7

Canine rabies
imported docs are an ongoing concern

Question 8

how is rabies virus transmitted?

Answer 8

through direct contact w/ fresh saliva or brain/nervous system tissue from an infected animal

Question 9

what are the 2 major categories of direct contact in rabies transmission

Answer 9

Bite
non-bite: contamination of open wounds with saliva from rabid animal

Question 10

does indirect contact with rabies constitute exposure

Answer 10

No

Question 11

examples of indirect contact w/ rabies

Answer 11

petting or handling an animal
contact w/ blood, urine, feces or skunk spray
contact of saliva with intact skin

Question 12

between 2000-2020, ___% of human rabies infectious in US were bat-associated variant

Answer 12

82%

Question 13

any direct contact w/ a bat should be considered potential rabies exposure unless

Answer 13

bat is tested negative

Question 14

how can human-human rabies exposure occur

Answer 14

organ transplantation

Question 15

is caring for a person with rabies considered exposure

Answer 15

no

Question 16

_______period occurs from infection to virus shedding

Answer 16

latent

Question 17

_____period is from infection to clinical signs. lasts 5 days longer than the latent period

Answer 17

incubation

Question 18

T/F dogs usually shed rabies virus in their saliva for days before clinical signs develop

Answer 18

T

Question 19

The infected animal usually dies within ____ days of clinical onset

Answer 19

7

Question 20

incubation periods are dependent on what

Answer 20

site of bite wound/inoculation
wound care
previous vaccination/presence of antibodies

Question 21

incubation period range ?

Answer 21

3-12 weeks

Question 22

rabies virus binds to ______ receptors at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 22

nicotinic acetylcholine

Question 23

initial clinical signs

Answer 23

variable, rapidly progressive neurologic course
- inappetence, difficulty swallowing (looks like choking), cranial nerve deficits, abnormal behavior, ataxia, paralysis, seizures

Question 24

T/F: a normally nocturnal wild animal that is active during the day and showing less fear of humans is highly suspect of rabies

Answer 24

T

Question 25

T/F: progression to death is usually rapid within a week

Answer 25

T

Question 26

are there any effective rabies antiviral drugs?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what are the 3 stages of CNS infection

Answer 27

Prodromal Excitative Paralytic

Question 27

Prodromal stage of CNS infection

Answer 27

1-3 days characterized by behavioral changes

Question 28

Excitative stage of CNS infection ("furious rabies")

Answer 28

3-4 days, animal tends to be hyper reactive

Question 29

Paralytic stage of CNS infection

Answer 29

"dumb rabies" damage to motor neurons causes incoordination, drooling and difficulty swallowing, death usually by respiratory arrest

Question 30

how is death usually caused in rabies

Answer 30

respiratory arrest

Question 31

T/F: Rabies diagnosis can only be obtained post-mortem

Answer 31

true

Question 32

guidelines for submitting head for rabies testing

Answer 32

include brainstem refrigerated not chemically fixed

Question 33

symptoms of rabies in humans

Answer 33

early onset: nausea, headache, fever, sore throat rapidly progresses into acute neurological phase

Question 34

case fatality rate in humans w/ rabies

Answer 34

>99%

Question 35

how is rabies confirmed in humans

Answer 35

post mortem diagnosis of brain

Question 36

NASPHV recommends rabies for what domestic animals

Answer 36

all dogs, cats, ferrets , horses and livestock (cattle, sheep) with frequent human contact

Question 37

T/F: regardless of the age at initial vaccination, animals should be boosted in one year

Answer 37

true

Question 38

T/F: in AZ, rabies Vx can be administered by a tech under DVM supervision

Answer 38

T

Question 39

animals are considered immunized _____ days after vaccination

Answer 39

28

Question 40

T/F: boostered animals are considered immediately immune

Answer 40

T

Question 41

what is a typical vaccination schedule for dogs

Answer 41

initial Vx: 3 months of age booster one year later booster every 3 years

Question 42

when can oral rabies vaccines be used

Answer 42

for mass vaccination of carnivores

Question 43

are there any licensed parenteral rabies Vx for use in wild animals

Answer 43

no

Question 44

Explain the Pre-exposure prevention (PREP) in humans

Answer 44

2 doses of RV (days 0 and 7) serological testing every 10 years

Question 45

post-exposure prophylaxis in humans is considered a medical _____, not an emergency

Answer 45

urgency

Question 46

post-exposure prophylaxis includes

Answer 46

- wound treatment - local infiltration of RIG - vaccination

Question 47

post-exposure regimen for humans previously unvaccinated

Answer 47

thorough wound cleaning RIG w/ 1st dose RV 4 doses of RV days 0,3,7,14

Question 48

post-exposure regimen for human previously vaccinated

Answer 48

thorough wound cleaning RV on days 0,3

Question 49

what to do if pet who is utd on RV gets exposed to rabies

Answer 49

revaccinate immediately, 45 day quarantine

Question 50

what to do if pet is unvaccinated and exposed to rabies

Answer 50

euthanized unless owner unwilling then vaccinate and place in quarantine for 4 months

Question 51

Post-exposure prophylaxis in animals

Answer 51

vaccinate within 96 hrs of exposure boostered at 3rd and 8th week quarantined 90 days

Question 52

what state has a law that allows for Post exposure prophylaxis in animals

Answer 52

Texas

Question 53

what to do if a pet is overdue for rabies vx booster WITH DOCUMENTATION is exposed to rabies

Answer 53

booster immediately followed by owner observation for 45 days

Question 54

what to do if pet is overdue for booster WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION is exposed to rabies

Answer 54

treat as if unvaccinated OR prospective serologic monitoring

Question 55

Explain prospective serological monitoring

Answer 55

Day 0 - blood sample taken before boostering. then booster animal and place in quarantine day 5 (no later than day 7) collect second blood sample for titer if adequate response - consider the animal vaccinated, 45 day quarantine if inadequate response - consider unvaccinated and put into 6 month quarantine

Question 56

what to do if unvaccinated livestock is exposed to rabies

Answer 56

euthanize if Os unwilling, confine and observe 6 mo

Question 57

what to do if currently vaccinated livestock is exposed to rabies

Answer 57

revaccinate and observe 45 days

Question 58

commercial slaughter of livestock exposed to rabies is prohibited for ___months post exposure

Answer 58

8

Question 59

What to do if an owned dog, cat or ferret bites a human

Answer 59

regardless of vaccination status, DO NOT VAX FOR 10 DAYS if animal healthy after 10 days = no rabies exposure if signs suggestive of rabies develop, euthanize

Question 60

what to do if UNowned animals bite a human

Answer 60

euth and tested

Question 61

does the human rabies Vx count as rabies exposure

Answer 61

no - killed virus