random Flashcards
some causes of macrocephaly
hydrocephalus
subdural hematoma
silver russel - relative becuase not actually hydrocephalus
neurofibromatosis
tuberous sclerosis
famial microcephaly
what is it called when the sutures close prematurely
BENIGN PREMATURE thelarche
craniosynostosis
happens in babies from 6 months - 3 years its not a concern as long as other isgns of puberty are absent!!!
just need to rexamine them every 6 months to doubcle check
need to excluse exogneous intake of oestrogen
rarely you can do a pelvis us to rule out ovarian pathology
describe craniosynotis
and how can we diagnose ?
where the sutures fuse too early in one or more areas, the normal areas allow the brain to grow but the fused side does not allow brain to grow so head is obviously mishapen
fontanelle may be missing
babies head looks visably odd
HC is not growing the way it should every month
what could be other symptoms of macrocephaly
if its. a gentic condtion we can see the other aspects of the syndrome e.g skin changes in NF , ts
DEevelopmental delay
seixures
neurological signs
when should people who are planning to get pregnant take folic acid
ssss
before conception to up to 1st trimester
exotoxin, causes bullas, babies risk dehyrdation and sepeis and loss of proteins!
what is the dosage for a high risk pregnancy folic acid and what are the RF
5mg
- Previous child with neural tube defects
- diabetes
-obesity - any hemolytic anemia
taking antifolate drugs
dosage for average normal pregnancy folic acid
isolated premature pubarche
0.4 mg
pubic hair before 6/7 in girls and 9 in boys, its common and due to premature activation of DHEA from gland , may have slightly increased height and bone age
testorone levels should be normal
need to dx from adrenal tumour
how can we detect neural tube defects
how to treat cerebeal edema
antenatally amniocentesis (increased AFP) levels NOT CVS !!!- NB
mannitol
ET tube
hyperventilation
which part of the body does neural tube defects affect
THE BRAIN AND SPINE
examples of NT defects and when is the greatest risk of it?
spina bifida
anencephaly
very early on in pregnancy
types of spina bifida
difference between gonoccocal and chlamayida conjucnitvitis
- SB occulata
- meningocele
- myomeningocele
gon: more pus , and leads to keratitis, more acute
chlam: pseudomambranes on tarsal conjunctivia
how can spina bifida be diagnosed
antenatally
or after birth
symptoms assoc
inhertitance of TS
causes of steatorrhea
what is almost inevitable with cF
AD
cf, celiac, short bowel syndrome , deficiency in bile
sinusitis chronic
WHAT IS TS and most common symptoms
genetic condition that causes benign tumouts to grow in the brain and other organs of the body
SEIZURES- almost all and they vary from
types of hydrocephalus and what they mean
- communicating - no blocakge in ventricles
- non communicating - blocakge in ventricle s
correction of hydrocephalus
the cause of rhinitis posterior and symptoms , tx
- ventriculoperitoneal shunt
- ventriculostomy - second line
staphy!!! and very little nasal discharge or absent,problems sleeping and feeding tx nasal drops (saline, tobramycin)
value of HCT in newborn for polycthemia and causes
> 65%
diabests, late umbilical cord, twin to twin
how can we prevent enteroclitis
breast feeding helps
delayed umbilical clamp
hypertensive crisis def
hypertensive urgency
acute increase in systolic and diastolic BP WITH END ORGAN DAMAGAGE(stroke, hypetensive encepolopathy) seizures
an acute increase but no organ damage
first line tx hypertension and crisis
ca 2 + blcokers
iv ca2+ and labetolol(both alpha and b) , hydralazine
hypertenisve urgency tx
oral antihypertensives overy 1 to 2 days (not too fast) (damages the orgnas that are accsutomed to high flow)
what can cause shsitocystes
ASS - the valve traps rbs
DIC (variable)
HUS+ TTP
what can cause shsitocystes
ASS - the valve traps rbs
DIC (variable)
HUS+ TTP
