Rbc Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
How much hemaglobin is in a rbc
A
30%
2
Q
What is mcv
A
Mean corpuscular volume
3
Q
What is mch
A
Mean corpuscular Hb
4
Q
What is mchc
A
Mean corpuscular Hb concentration
5
Q
What is normocytic
A
A normal sized rbc
6
Q
What is microcytic
A
An abnormally small rbc
7
Q
What is macrocytic
A
An abnormally large rbc
8
Q
What is normochromic
A
Normal coloured rbc
9
Q
What is hypochromic
A
Light coloured rbc
10
Q
What is hyperchromic
A
An abnormally dark rbc
11
Q
How many days does it take for erythrocytes to be made in bone marrow
A
6-8 days
12
Q
Where does hematopoeisis occur
A
Liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow
13
Q
What is erythropoiesis
A
The production of erythrocytes
14
Q
What is Leukopoiesis
A
The production of leukocytes
15
Q
What is thrombopoiesis
A
Production of platelets
16
Q
What is the rbc schedule
A
Rubriblast ➡️ prorubricyte ➡️ rubricyte➡️ metarubricyte➡️ reticulocyte ➡️ mature rbc
17
Q
What happens to cell size with rbc maturation
A
Cell size decreases
18
Q
What happens to the ️nucleus in rbc maturation
A
Gets darker and more granular and then decreases
19
Q
What happens to the cytoplasm in rbc
A
Goes from blue to light pink
20
Q
How much water is in a rbc
A
60%
21
Q
How long does the rbc live
A
100 days
22
Q
What percentage of rbc die per day
A
1%
23
Q
What is the waste product of rbc distruction
A
Bilirubin
24
Q
What is poikilocytosis
A
Unusually shaped rbc
25
When does Rouleaux occur
Can be an artifact if blood is held too long or has been refrigerated
26
What is agglutination mean
Due to formation of immune complexes that attach to rbc. Occurs in immune mediated disorders
27
How do you differentiate Rouleaux from agglutination
Put saline on a drop of blood, Rouleaux will disperse
28
What are hyperchromatic cells
Have a darker stain than normal cells
29
Why does a cytoplasm stain blue
Due to the endoplasmic reticulum
30
What is anisocytosis
Variation of rbc siZe
31
Is new methylene blue stain a vital stain
Yes
32
What is a Heinz body
Denatured Hb
33
What do spherocytes associated with
Hemolytic anemia due to immune disease. It has a smiley face
34
What are echinocytes
Often an artifact. Crenated rbc
35
What are acanthocytes
Red cells with 2-10 blunt elongated finger like surface projections
36
What are spherocytes
Small round red cells that stain intensely and lack central pallor
37
What are Elliptocytes
Oval erythrocytes
38
What are dacrocytes
Tear drop shaped erythrocytes
39
What are codocytes
Stomatocytes and target cells. Shaped erythrocytes and are due to rbc membrane change
40
What are acanthocytes associated with
Hemangiosarcoma
41
Why do acanthocytes occur
Due to abnormal accumulation of lipids within the rbc membrane.
42
What are schistocytes
Fragmented rbc
43
What are shistocytes
Red blood cell fragments due to mechanical damage
44
What are keratocytes
A helmet blister cell- another type of fragmented rbc
45
Are schistocytes clinically relevant?
Yes
46
What is a Howell jolly body
Remnant of a ️nucleus
47
What is basophilic stippling associated with
Seen in lead poisoning
48
Are target cells or stomatcytes significant if there is no anemia
Yea
49
What is a stomatocyte
Red blood cell membrane defect
50
What are target cells and what are their associated with
Excess cell membrane. Associated with liver disease
51
When are codocytes significant
Finding codocytes in the absence of polychromasia is significant, it means that excess lipid membrane is present and is an abnormality
52
What are Dacrocytes
Failure of the red blood cell to return to its original shape after squeezing through capillaries. Associated with bone marrow disorders
53
What are six blood parasites that can be seen in a blood smear
```
Dirofilaria Immitis
Hemobartinella
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma
Cytauxzoon
Babesia
```
54
What is anemia
Decreased red cell mass
55
How do you classify anemia
Regenerative or Non regenerative based on bone marrow response
56
What are the three general causes of anemia
Decreased production, increased destruction, blood loss
57
Given example of decreased production
Bone marrow problems, cancer, renal failure
58
Given example of increased destruction
Macrophages kill red blood cells. Associated with hemolytic anemia
59
Given example of blood loss
Parasites or bodily injury
60
Describe what happens with Parvo or panleukopenia
White blood cell destruction destruction of rapidly dividing cells in the gastrointestinal tract
61
How could you tell by looking at peripheral blood spear if anemia is responsive
The presence of reticulocytes
62
Describe body changes in blood loss or hemorrhage
Bone marrow is still functional. Responsive anemia. No jaundice or increase BiliRubin. Plasma proteins are decreased
63
How do you know based on a blood test that you have hemolytic anemia
you have an increase in BiliRubin. But normal plasma protein. Plus reticulocytes on a blood smear
64
What are the two types of Hemolysis
Intravascular or extravascular
65
Describe extra vascular hemolysis
Involves the destruction and removal of damaged red blood cells by the microphages of the spleen and liver. Results in excess production of BiliRuben = jaundice
66
When do you see hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria
Only in severe cases of intravascular hemolysis
67
When do you see icterus
In either intravascular or extravascular hemolytic anemia due to the excess production of BiliRuben.
68
Describe The pathogenesis of immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Red blood cells become coated with anti-bodies as they circulate. Antibody coated red blood cells either Lyses intravascularly or removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen. You will see a red blood cell agglutination
69
Why does agglutination occur
What antibodies cause bridging between adjacent red blood cells
70
What are four conditions which can cause immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Heartworm disease, lymphoma, lupus, drug-induced immune mediated Hemolysis
71
What is the morphologic hallmark of immune mediated hemolytic anemia
A significant number of Spherocytes
72
What Can non regenerative anemia be caused by
Result of either ineffective erythropoiesis (maturation defect anemia) or reduced production of red blood cells (hypoproliferative anemia)
73
What are some causes of non responsive anemia
Bone marrow damage
Reduced erythropoetin (renal failure)
Bone marrow invasion by neoplastic cells
74
What is the most common cause of nonresponsive anemia
Chronic disease
75
Describe normal bone marrow ratios in adult animals
50% nucleated cells and 50% fat cells
76
Describe the bone marrow ratio in juvenile mammals
25% fat
77
Describe the bone marrow ratio in geriatric mammals
75% fat
78
What is polycythemia
Defined as increased circulating red blood cell mass. Values for PCV, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count are higher than reference ranges
79
What can cause high pcv
High altitudes
| Brachycephalic breeds
80
What is relative polycythemia
Decrease in plasma volume (dehydration) ⬆️ circulating rbc
81
What are the signs of relative polycythemia on a blood test
Increase in pcv and total protein.
82
What is transient polycythemia
Caused by splenic contractions with the release of epinephrin
83
How do you know if it is a transient polycythemia based on the blood test
Increase pcv, normal hydration and normal tp
84
What is absolute polycythemia
An absolute increase of circulating rbc as a result of increased bone marrow production.
85
What are the clinical findings in absolute polycythemia
Lethargy, low exercise tolerance, behavioural change, brick red/cyanotic mm, sneezing, bilateral epistaxis, cardiopulmonary impairment
