Renal System

Question 1

Functional unit of the kidney

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Branches of renal artery

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

What about the loop of Henle varies?

Answer 3

Its size

Question 4

Pressure mediated movement of fluid and dissolved elements out of capillaries into Bowman’s capsule

Answer 4

Glomerular Filtration

Question 5

What is the initial filtrate produced from glomerular filtration consist of?

Answer 5

Plasma minus plasma proteins

Question 6

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 6

125ml/min, 180L/day

Question 7

What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed by Tubular Reabsorption?

Answer 7

99+%

Question 8

How does Tubular reabsorption occur?

Answer 8

By movement from nephron to peritubular capillaries

Question 9

Is Tubular reabsorption active or passive?

Answer 9

Both

Question 10

Where does Tubular secretion occur?

Answer 10

Peritubular capillaries to nephron

Question 11

Excretion equals this (equation with 3 Nephron processes)

Answer 11

Excretion (Urine)= GF-TR+TS

Question 12

Built in mechanism for maintaining a steady Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 12

Tubular Glomerular Feedback

Question 13

Initial/primary urine (Name of substance entering bowman’s capsule)

Answer 13

Filtrate

Question 14

What does the Efferent Arteriole lead to?

Answer 14

Peritubular capillaries

Question 15

Why is does filtration have its name?

Answer 15

It is filtered from the bloodstream

Question 16

What happens when blood pressure rises regarding tubuloglomerular feedback?

Answer 16

Chemical is released onto afferent arteriole to constrict it and reduce blood flow. This reduces GFR

Question 17

What percent of all filtered substances are reabsorbed by proximal tubule?

Answer 17

70%

Question 18

What is the renal threshold?

Answer 18

Plasma concentration at saturation

Question 19

What happens to excess glucose that is not absorbed?

Answer 19

Stays in filtrate, part of urine

Question 20

What kind of transport does glucose require?

Answer 20

Facilitated diffusion

Question 21

Where are glucose carriers located?

Answer 21

Proximal tubules

Question 22

How do kidneys regulate homeostasis?

Answer 22

Maintain whole body water ion concentration

Question 23

Total solute concentration in a solution

Answer 23

Osmolality

Question 24

Osmolality units

Answer 24

mOSM

Question 25

Plasma Osmolality units

Answer 25

Posm

Question 26

Are most forms of secretion passive or active?

Answer 26

Active

Question 27

Where does secretion come from?

Answer 27

Peritubular Capillaries

Question 28

What is the Descending loop permeable to?

Answer 28

H2O

Question 29

What is the Posm of the filtrate in Bowman's Capsule?

Answer 29

300

Question 30

What is hypo osmotic?

Answer 30

Less than 300

Question 31

What is Iso Osmotic?

Answer 31

300

Question 32

What Hyperosmotic?

Answer 32

Greater than 300

Question 33

What is the Ascending Loop permeable to?

Answer 33

Sodium

Question 34

What happens to the concentration in the Descending loop?

Answer 34

Increases

Question 35

What happens to the concentration in the Ascending loop?

Answer 35

Decreases

Question 36

What do osmoreceptors detect?

Answer 36

Posm

Question 37

What happens in the medullary collecting duct?

Answer 37

Regulated H2O absorption

Question 38

What does Max ADH mean for urine osmolality and volume?

Answer 38

High osmolality, low volume

Question 39

What does Min ADH mean for urine osmolality and volume?

Answer 39

Low osmolality, high volume

Question 40

Where can the filtrate be modified (nephron's decision occurs here?)

Answer 40

Distal tubule

Question 41

What produces ADH?

Answer 41

Posterior Pituitary

Question 42

What peptide hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 42

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

Question 43

What hormone stimulates aquaporins in collecting duct to control Posm?

Answer 43

Vasopressin/Antidiuretic hormone

Question 44

How is the hypothalamus involved in Plasma osmolality regulation?

Answer 44

Regulates Posm set point

Question 45

What maintains Posm by watching Na+ conc. outside of nephron?

Answer 45

Osmoreceptors

Question 46

What controls the release of vasopressin by detecting Posm?

Answer 46

Osmoreceptors

Question 47

What are the two essential things for producing hyperosmotic urine?

Answer 47

1. Interstitial osmotic gradient (Due to loop of Henle) 2. ADH Hormone

Question 48

Sustained, high urine volumes of low osmolality

Answer 48

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 49

No ADH production

Answer 49

Central Diabetes Insipudus

Question 50

No functional or no ADH receptors

Answer 50

Renal Diabetes Insipudus

Question 51

Sustained, elevated ADH, minimal urine volume, max urine osmolality

Answer 51

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Question 52

What types of receptors control ADH release?

Answer 52

Osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors

Question 53

What role do baroreceptors play in ADH release?

Answer 53

Stimulates ADH release when MABP drops

Question 54

High ADH leads to this with regards to resistance and arterioles

Answer 54

Constrict arterioles, Increase TPR

Question 55

Name for urine production

Answer 55

Diuresis

Question 56

What two changes can lead to a release of ADH?

Answer 56

Change in Posm and MABP

Question 57

What system takes part in the hormonal regulation of Na+ reabsorption?

Answer 57

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (AXIS) or RAAS

Question 58

Where is the site of aldosterone action?

Answer 58

Distal tubule

Question 59

What hormone in RAAS is produced in the liver?

Answer 59

Angiotensinogen

Question 60

Renal substrate

Answer 60

Angiotensinogen

Question 61

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

Answer 61

The liver

Question 62

What hormone in RAAS is produced from the kidney?

Answer 62

Renin

Question 63

What hormone in RAAS is rate limiting?

Answer 63

Renin

Question 64

What hormone in RAAS is a catalyst?

Answer 64

Renin

Question 65

What does angiotensinogen and renin together make in RAAS?

Answer 65

Angiotensin I

Question 66

What is made from Angiotensin I?

Answer 66

Angiotensin II

Question 67

Arteriolar vasoconstrictor that stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Answer 67

Angiotensin II

Question 68

Stimulates production of Na+/K+ antiporter in distal tubule, steroid hormone

Answer 68

Aldosterone

Question 69

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 69

Adrenal cortex

Question 70

What happens to renin release when Plasma Na+ falls?

Answer 70

Renin release is stimulated

Question 71

What happens to renin release if renin blood pressure falls?

Answer 71

Increases

Question 72

Where is renin released from (specific)

Answer 72

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Question 73

Increased renin means (multiple things)

Answer 73

1. Angiotensin II increases 2. Aldosterone production 3. Na+ reabsorption in distal tubule

Question 74

Increasing Angiotensin II causes this for resistance

Answer 74

Increase in TPR

Question 75

Increased Plasma Na+ does this for water reabsorption and why?

Answer 75

Increases it, H2O follows

Question 76

What conditions can follow sustained renin release? (2)

Answer 76

1. Renal Stenosis 2. tumor

Question 77

Renal arteriole diameter shrinks due to sustained renin release

Answer 77

Renal stenosis

Question 78

Sustained renin release causes this due to the increase in other factors

Answer 78

Hypertension

Question 79

Ending for ACE Inhibitors

Answer 79

Prils

Question 80

What are ACE Inhibitors good for?

Answer 80

Treating idiopathic hypertension

Question 81

Is Na+ reabsorption in DT active or passive?

Answer 81

Active

Question 82

What happens if Na+ reabsorption is sustained with regards to K+?

Answer 82

Sustained K+ secretion

Question 83

What does sustained K+ secretion do?

Answer 83

Cause membrane channel issues