Chapter 6

Question 1

Conscious interpretation of sensory afference

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Body surface (position, pressure, temp) changes

Answer 2

Somatic

Question 3

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium (balance)

Answer 3

“special”

Question 4

Regions (dendritic) of neurons or modified epithelium that respond to specific, adequate stimuli

Answer 4

Receptor

Question 5

What happens when graded potential is close to threshold?

Answer 5

respond

Question 6

Form of energy most likely to create AP in receptor

Answer 6

Adequate stimulus

Question 7

Receptor, detects light

Answer 7

Photoreceptors

Question 8

Receptor, detects pressure and membrane deformation

Answer 8

Mechanoreceptors

Question 9

Receptor, detects temperature

Answer 9

Thermoreceptor

Question 10

Receptor, detects [solute] in extracellular fluid

Answer 10

Osmoreceptors

Question 11

Receptor, detects “pain”

Answer 11

Nociceptors

Question 12

Decrease in receptor potential magnitude with sustained stimulus

Answer 12

Adaptation

Question 13

Receptor potential is the same as…

Answer 13

Graded potential

Question 14

Receptor that is slow to adapt, mechanoreceptors (position)

Answer 14

Tonic receptor

Question 15

Receptor that is rapidly adapting, off response, mechanoreceptors stop detecting them

Answer 15

Phasic receptor

Question 16

Ability to discern site of stimulus, directly related to receptive field

Answer 16

Acuity

Question 17

Area over which a sensor responds

Answer 17

Receptor field

Question 18

There is greater acuity when…

Answer 18

Greater receptor density

Question 19

Utilization of shared ascending pathways, brain interprets most likely receptive field. Ex. Heart attack: pain in arm

Answer 19

Referred pain

Question 20

What sense starts at receptor cells (modified epithelium) with underlying neurons

Answer 20

Taste

Question 21

Membrane protein, bind specific chemicals in solution

Answer 21

Receptor sites

Question 22

What happens when tastant is binded

Answer 22

receptor potential

Question 23

What do receptor cells do after binding tastant?

Answer 23

They release transmitter onto underlying neurons

Question 24

What is the ascending path for taste?

Answer 24

Brainstem, thalamus, amygdala, cortical gustatory center (perception)

Question 25

Scientific name for taste

Answer 25

Gustation

Question 26

Steps of epithelial receptor cells

Answer 26

receptor potentials, release transmitter

Question 27

Steps of Neuronal receptor cells

Answer 27

Receptor potential, AP

Question 28

Scientific name for smell

Answer 28

Olfaction

Question 29

How many odorants can olfactory receptor cells bind

Answer 29

Around 1000

Question 30

T or F: Odorants are water soluble

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Where is glomeruli located?

Answer 31

Olfactory bulb

Question 32

What is in charge of memory and emotion for smell

Answer 32

Limbic system

Question 33

Where are smells perceived?

Answer 33

Olfactory Cortex

Question 34

Where does olfactory adaption occur?

Answer 34

Cerebral cortex

Question 35

Fancy name for body-space awareness

Answer 35

Proprioception

Question 36

Fancy name for body awareness

Answer 36

Somatic Sensory

Question 37

Naked, free-ending neurons

Answer 37

Nociceptors

Question 38

Type of nociceptor, detect pressure changes that could cause tissue damage

Answer 38

Mechanical

Question 39

Type of nociceptor, detect temperature changes that could cause tissue damage

Answer 39

Thermal

Question 40

Type of nociceptor, detect chemical released with tissue damage, also heat and pressure

Answer 40

Polymodal

Question 41

What is produced when tissue damage occurs?

Answer 41

Hyperalgesics, bradykinins, prostagladins

Question 42

Small, myelinated axons, fast pain pathway, A-delta

Answer 42

Mechanical and thermal nociceptors

Question 43

Long, unmyelinated axons, slow pain pathway, C-fibers

Answer 43

Polymodal nociceptors

Question 44

Why do we have phases of pain?

Answer 44

Different conductions

Question 45

Ascending pathways of pain

Answer 45

Thalamus, limbic system, somatosensory cortex

Question 46

Ascending neuronal 'traffic' for pain activates...

Answer 46

Descending pathways

Question 47

Descending pathway releases this for pain

Answer 47

Enkephalins

Question 48

Naturally released endogenous opiate for pain

Answer 48

Enkephalins

Question 49

Reduce release of substance 'P' by nociceptor and/or hyperpolarize interneurons

Answer 49

Enkephalins

Question 50

Can be caused by irregular release of substance 'P' by nociceptor

Answer 50

Chronic pain

Question 51

What do medications such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or NSAIDS do?

Answer 51

Block hyperalgesics formation

Question 52

How do opioids (narcotic drugs) block pain?

Answer 52

Mimicking endogenous opiates by binding to receptor