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Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Functions of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Gas Exchange
  2. Body (blood) Acid-Base Balance
  3. Defense from viral and bacterial infection
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

Oxygen uptake and delivery to cells, delivery and removal of CO2

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Mechanisms providing for air movement in/out of respiratory system

A

Ventilation

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4
Q

Movement of air into respiratory system

A

Inspiration

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5
Q

Movement of air out of respiratory system

A

Expiration

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6
Q

Inspiration and Expiration are products of this

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

Site of gas exchange within lungs

A

Alveolus

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8
Q

Sacs in lungs containing capillary beds

A

Alveolus

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9
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

Via diffusion

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10
Q

Law of diffusion

A

Fick’s Law

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11
Q

Fick’s law equation

A

Rate= Delta concentration times Area times Permeability divided by molecular weight times thickness

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12
Q

What do pulmonary mechanics allow for?

A

Ventilation

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13
Q

What anatomical feature of the lungs creates a partial vaccuum?

A

Pleural cavity

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14
Q

What happens if the alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

No ventilation

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15
Q

What is required for ventilation regarding pressure?

A

A delta P, pressure difference

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16
Q

Boyle’s Law Equation

A

P1V1=P2V2

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17
Q

Type of ventilation when intercostals and diaphram contract, and thoracic cavity expands?

A

Inspiration

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18
Q

This occurs anatomically during inspiration

A

Intercostals and diaphram contract, and thoracic cavity expands

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19
Q

Type of ventilation when intercostals and diaphram relax

A

Passive expiration

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20
Q

Occurs anatomically during passive expiration

A

Intercostals and diaphram relax

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21
Q

Type of ventilation when abdominal muscles contract

A

Active Expiration

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22
Q

Occurs anatomically during active expiration

A

Abdominal muscles contract

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23
Q

Pressures when not breathing

A

Atm=0, lungs=0, pleural cavity=-4

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24
Q

Pressures during inspiration

A

Atm=0, lungs=-1, pleural cavity=-6

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25
Pressures during expiration
Atm=0, Lungs=1, pleural cavity=-4
26
In/out volume change without conscious effort
Tidal volume
27
Tidal volume
In/out volume change without conscious effort
28
Compliance Equation
Delta Volume divided by Delta pressure
29
If compliance decreases, what happens to pressure?
Higher pressure difference is needed
30
What is the purpose of water in alveoli?
Creates surface tension
31
What is a typical tidal volume at rest?
Around 500ml per 1mmHg pressure change, Note: does vary
32
What is surfactant?
Detergent, breaks bonds between water molecules, reduces surface tension
33
How does surfactant impact compliance?
Increases compliance
34
Ventilation rate equation
Ventilation rate= volume times rate
35
Pulmonary ventilation (minute ventilation equation)
Pulmonary ventilation=respiratory rate times tidal volume
36
Does Alveolar ventilation equal minute ventilation?
No
37
Why are alveolar ventilation and pulmonary ventilation different?
Dead space
38
What is around the dead space volume?
150ml
39
Alveolar Ventilation equation
Alveolar ventilation equals rate times (tidal volume - dead space)
40
What does diffusion rely on?
Difference of gas partial pressures
41
Percentage of Nitrogen in the atmosphere
79%
42
Percentage of Oxygen in the atmosphere
21%
43
Percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere
0.03%
44
How to calculate Partial pressure?
Pp=Atm pressure in mmHg times percent of element
45
1 Atm in mmHg
760 mmHg
46
What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs?
Decreases due to more gases in the lungs
47
What is the partial pressure of oxygen prior to entering the lungs at sea level?
160 mmHg
48
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs at sea level?
100 mmHg
49
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood stream prior to entering cells at sea level?
100 mmHg
50
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the cells at sea level?
40 mmHg
51
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloodstream after the cells at sea level?
40 mmHg
52
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the lungs at sea level?
40 mmHg
53
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the bloodstream before the cells at sea level?
40 mmHg
54
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the cells at sea level?
46 mmHg
55
What is the partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the bloodstream after the cells at sea level?
46 mmHg
56
What percentage of CO2 transport is dissolved gas?
10%
57
What percent of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin for transport?
30%
58
What percent of CO2 is bicarbonate (HCO3) for transport?
60%
59
What direction does the reaction that creates bicarbonate for carbon transport occur in inside the tissues?
Forward
60
What enzyme works as a catalyst in creating bicarbonate for carbon transport?
Carbonic Anhydrase
61
What does the extra hydrogen become in carbon transport?
HbH
62
What direction does the reaction that creates bicarbonate for carbon transport occur in inside the lungs?
Backwards
63
What percentage of O2 is dissolved for transport?
1-2 percent
64
What percentage of Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin for transport?
99%
65
Where is hemoglobin located?
in Red blood cells
66
What is the name of a protein tetramer with iron?
Hemoglobin
67
What is hemoglobin?
Protein tetramer with iron
68
Percent binding sites with O2
Saturation
69
What is saturation?
Percent binding sites with O2
70
What is normal Pulmonary capillary saturation?
99%
71
What is normal systemic capillary saturation?
72%
72
What is normal Pulmonary capillary blood oxygen pressure?
100 mmHg
73
What is normal Systemic capillary blood oxygen pressure?
40 mmHg
74
What factors increase the Partial pressure of oxygen needed for normal percent saturation?
Increase CO2, temperature, decrease pH
75
What does lung disease do?
Lowers pulmonary saturation, causes quick desaturation
76
Why does hemoglobin desaturate at higher oxygen partial pressure?
Easier to unload oxygen onto active tissues
77
What is ventilation regulated by?
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
78
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors?
Aortic and carotid bodies
79
What are the central chemoreceptors?
Medulla and pons
80
Neurons that respond to changes in CO2, O2, and H+
Chemoreceptors
81
What does a decrease in arterial O2 partial pressure do to peripheral chemoreceptors?
Stimulates them
82
When are peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated with regards to Oxygen?
When Oxygen Pp drops below 60 mmHg
83
What does a decrease in arterial Oxygen Pp do to central chemoreceptors?
Depresses them
84
What does a decrease in arterial Pp do to the control of ventilation as a whole?
Does very little
85
What can cause an increase in CO2 Pp?
Exercise
86
What does increasing CO2 Pp do to peripheral chemoreceptors?
Weak effect
87
What does increasing CO2 Pp do to central chemoreceptors?
STRONGLY stimulates them
88
How are chemoreceptors in the bloodstream impacted by CO2? (process)
Chemoreceptors to respiratory control centers in pons and medulla
89
Inspiratory centers in the brain are most sensitive to this ion
H+
90
Ventilation in excess of CO2 production
Hyperventilation
91
Cause of hyperventilation
Sudden stress
92
Consequence of hyperventilation
Increase in pH, Alkalosis
93
Ventilatory rate not keeping up with CO2 production
Hypoventilation
94
Cause of hypoventilation
Narcotics
95
Consequence of hypoventilation
Decreased pH, acidification
96
Can cause a quick desaturation
Lung disease

Bio 116 (13 decks)

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