Reproductive Problems of the Mare

Question 1

Identify the structure

Answer 1

Inactive ovary

Question 2

What is the most common tumor of the mare reproductive tract?

Answer 2

Granulosa cell tumor

Question 3

What are the clinical signs of a granulosa cell tumor?

Answer 3

Stallion behavior
Do not cycle on contralateral ovary

Question 4

Identify the structure

Answer 4

Granulosa cell tumor

Question 5

What endocrine changes are associated with granulosa cell tumors?

Answer 5

Testosterone 50-60%
Inhibin 90%
Antimullerian hormone
Testosterone and AMH will be elevated

Question 6

Identify the structure

Answer 6

Granulosa cell tumor

Question 7

What are differential diagnoses for a granulosa cell tumor?

Answer 7

Teratoma
Cystadenoma

Question 8

Identify the structure

Answer 8

Anovulatory follicle

Question 9

Identify the structure

Answer 9

Anovulatory follicle

Question 10

What does an anovulatory follicle look like on ultrasound?

Answer 10

Spots, strands, shape

Question 11

Identify the structure

Answer 11

Hemorrhagic follicle

Question 12

Identify the structure

Answer 12

Hemorrhagic follicle

Question 13

What causes hemorrhagic follicles?

Answer 13

Fail to ovulate, increase in size
Blood and fibrin in antrum, oocyte trapped
Regress over time

Question 14

What are the 3 barriers to the uterus?

Answer 14

Cervix
Vestibular sphincter
Vulva

Question 15

What causes uterine cysts?

Answer 15

Blocked lymphatic vessels - indication of scar tissue

Question 16

Identify the structure

Answer 16

Uterine cysts

Question 17

Identify the structure

Answer 17

Uterine cysts

Question 18

What do uterine cysts look like on ultrasound?

Answer 18

Multilobulated
Can be pedunculated or within uterine tissue

Question 19

How can a uterine cyst be differentiated from an embryo?

Answer 19

Cyst will not change location, size, or have a heartbeat

Question 20

What causes pneumouerus and pneumovagina? How can this be avoided?

Answer 20

Poor perineal conformation
Caslick’s procedure

Question 21

What does pneumovagina and pneumouterus look like on ultrasound?

Answer 21

Hyperechoic areas

Question 22

What are the most common bacteria associated with endometritis?

Answer 22

Strep equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Question 23

How is endometritis diagnosed?

Answer 23

Failure to conceive
Early return to estrus
Vaginal discharge
Fluid within lumen of uterus
Culture, cytology

Question 24

How is endometritis treated and why?

Answer 24

Prostaglandin
Return to estrus, uterus more resistant to infectious agents, cervix open to allow removal of debris
Ecbolics (oxytocin, prostaglandin)
Uterine lavage
Abx

Question 25

What are the antibiotics of choice for endometritis?

Answer 25

Ampicillin Ceftiofur Gentocin Ticarcillin

Question 26

What is normal perineal conformation?

Answer 26