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VM749: CLINSCI III > Ruminant Lameness > Flashcards

Ruminant Lameness Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Identify the normal anatomical structures

A
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2
Q

Identify the normal anatomical structures

A

White line = junction of the vertical hoof walls with the sole

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3
Q

What does the corium consist of/why is it important?

A

Highly vascular and innervated tissue that provides nutrient to the hoof
Suspends P3 from the inner wall of hoof capsule

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4
Q

What is the lamina/why is it important?

A

Attach bony P3 to hoof capsule
Sensitive and insensitive lamina

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5
Q

Where are the following joints located relative to each other: fetlock, pastern joint, coronary band, dewclaw

A

Fetlock is proximal to dewclaws
Pastern joint is roughly halfway between coronary band and dewclaw

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6
Q

What is the rate of hoof growth? What causes it to vary?

A

5-6mm per month (1/2cm)
Influenced by nutrition, lactation, season, substrate/footing

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7
Q

What is the normal weight bearing pattern in the front vs hind feet?

A

Front feet: medial&raquo_space; lateral
Hind feet: lateral&raquo_space; medial

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8
Q

Where are hoof lesions more commonly seen in front vs hind limbs?

A

Front: medial claw
Hind: lateral claw

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9
Q

How can you identify a “foot-sore” animal from a distance?

A

Arched back
Ears back
Restless, shifting weight, tail flicking
Head position variable

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10
Q

How does an animal with foot pain withdraw?

A

If the lame animal is made to voluntarily withdraw the limb, the animal will rapidly flex the joints of the upper limb to bring the foot up off the ground

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11
Q

How does an animal with upper limb pain withdraw?

A

Animal is hesitant to flex upper joints and move those bones and soft tissues, so they will not hike the limb upwards if the foot is touch - tend to hold the joints in a neutral, slightly bent posture and move those joints minimally as they walk

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12
Q

Pain location?

A

Right hind lateral claw pain

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13
Q

Pain location?

A

Left front medial claw pain

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14
Q

What anatomic marker can be used to assess soft tissue swelling in the foot?

A

Dewclaws

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15
Q

What is bilateral dewclaw swelling indicative of?

A

Interdigital disease

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16
Q

What is unilateral dewclaw swelling indicative of?

A

Septic synovial structure

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17
Q

How often should dairy cattle hooves be trimmed?

A

~2 times per year

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18
Q

What is the guideline for hoof wall trimming length?

A

Dorsal hoof wall: 7.5 - 8cm
Add 3mm for each 75kg over 750kg
Maintain adequate sole thickness of ~5mm at the toe tip

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19
Q

What are the sequelae to overgrown claws?

A

Shift center of weight bearing in palmar/plantar direction leading to bruising or pressure necrosis of the heel horn
Increased strain on the flexor tendons

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20
Q

What is a Ruterholz ulcer?

A

Pressure necrosis of the softer heel horn due to overgrown toes

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21
Q

What is the #1 cause of lameness in dairy cattle?

A

Digital dermatitis
Contagious and infectious

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22
Q

What is the major etiologic agent of digital dermatitis? What is the pathogenesis?

A

Polybacterial disease (treponema spp. involved)
Bacteria invade epidermis

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23
Q

What is the typical location of digital dermatitis?

A

Palmar/plantar aspect of interdigital skin and/or skin just above heel bulb

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24
Q

What does digital dermatitis look like initially?

A

Red, eroded granular lesion
Exudative, hairs at periphery matted

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25
Digital dermatitis (early)
26
Digital dermatitis (early)
27
What does digital dermatitis look like after 1-3 weeks?
Erosion - skin responds with hypertrophy Raised conical projections of epithelium +/- blackened keratin extending from surface *No generalized soft tissue swelling - so dewclaws are NOT spread apart*
28
Digital dermatitis (late)
29
What is a consistent microscopic finding of digital dermatitis?
Spirochetes (w silver stain)
30
Why is accurate diagnosis of digital dermatitis so important?
More advanced lesions are the ones associated with clinical lameness and likely shed massive numbers of infectious bacteria into the environment *Lessens environmental pathogen load by identifying lesions at high risk for causing lameness*
31
What is the clinical presentation of digital dermatitis?
Any foot (hind more common) Mild to moderate lameness Hoof can be misshapen (short, rounded toes, longer heel)
32
What are the risk factors for digital dermatitis?
Poor hygiene, wet conditions Early lactation animals Introduction of new animals Fomite spread
33
How is digital dermatitis treated?
Isolate **Topical** oxytetracycline under light bandage NSAID if significant pain/lameness
34
How is digital dermatitis prevented/controlled?
Spray feet with disinfectant, antiseptic or antibiotic Footbaths Clean hoof trimming equipment, veterinary equipment *Treponema vx ineffective*
35
Why does topical therapy work for digital dermatitis treatment?
Bacteria only invades the epidermis
36
How does laminitis in the cow differ from in the horse?
Laminitis in cattle is primarily a degenerative rather than inflammatory process affecting the dermal-epidermal junction and the basal cell layer of the epidermis *Inflammation may be largely a secondary event*
37
When is the occurrence of laminitis highest in cattle?
Highest in cattle fed high concentrate diet (high producing dairy cows, feedlot calves, show animals) *Starches and sugars*
38
What is a major underlying cause of laminitis in cattle?
Ruminal acidosis
39
What is the pathogenesis of laminitis?
Increased fermentable CHOs --> sudden change in ruminal microflora --> overgrowth of lactic acid producing bacteria --> rumen mucosal inflammation --> endotoxins enter circulation leading to laminitis
40
How does ruminal acidosis lead to laminitis?
Bacterial die off in rumen Release of vasoactive substances from these bacteria and/or host's response Absorbed into bloodstream Alter blood flow to hoof Reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery to corium Corium may stop producing hoof or produce poor quality hoof
41
How does inflammation and degeneration of the laminae cause hemorrhage into the sole?
Affected areas of laminae lose their attachment to overlying horn, creating dead space that fills with blood from leaky, inflamed laminar vessels
42
What is the pathogenesis of sole abscesses as a complication of laminitis?
Overlying horn separates away from the inflames laminae and crack open, creating pockets that can be colonized by bacteria
43
Laminitis + hemorrhage
44
White line abscess
45
White line abscess
46
What is the pathogenesis of white line disease?
Weakened, defective, or poor quality horn prone to separation and bacterial/fungal colonization Debris entrapped in white line Bacterial colonize the region, infection migrates towards corium Abscess forms (pain, lameness)
47
Define: "Gravel"
White line infection that has opened up at the coronary band
48
Define: "Hardship" Rings
Visible weeks after bout of laminitis Represent prior interruption of hoof production by germinal cells of laminae
49
What is the presentation of acute, severe laminitis?
Pain in all 4 feet Arched back, "walking on eggshells"
50
How is laminitis treated?
Acute: NSAIDs, deep bedding Pare out abscesses using regional analgesia Nutritional management to prevent ruminal acidosis
51
What causes pain associated with sole abscesses?
Focal pressure and inflammation on the corium/sensitive laminae
52
What are the most common locations of sole abscesses?
Hind feet: lateral claw Front feet: medial claw
53
What are the clinical signs of sole abscesses?
Acute, moderate to severe lameness *No generalized soft tissue swelling* - unless spreads to deeper tissues
54
How can sole abscess lesions be identified?
Application of pressure
55
Sole abscess
56
How are sole abscesses treated?
Local anesthesia Pare out abscess - *cone-shape pairing of abscess and adjacent horn* Apply hoof block to unaffected claw *Systemic abx usually unneccessary* DO NOT BANDAGE
57
What is the goal of sole abscess treatment?
Relieve pressure and establish drainage
58
What is the etiologic agent of bovine foot rot?
Fusobacterium necrophorum *Infectious only, NOT contagious*
59
Define: Bovine Foot Rot
Bacterial infection of the interdigital skin and subcutaneous tissue *Malodorous*
60
What is the pathogenesis of bovine foot rot?
*Normal inhabitant of GI tract* Damage to interdigital skin (maceration or physical trauma) **Necrosis spreads through the deeper layers of the dermis and into subcutaneous tissues**
61
Bovine foot rot
62
Is bovine foot rot environmental, contagious, or infectious?
Environmental *Due to moisture and poor drainage* NOT contagious! Can have recurrence - no protective immunity from prior infection
63
Bovine foot rot
64
Clinical Signs: Bovine Foot Rot
Acute onset severe lameness *Symmetrical, generalized swelling of the foot*
65
Lesion: Bovine Foot Rot
Fissure in the interdigital skin with underlying tissue necrosis - dark in color May have watery exudate Characteristic odor
66
How is bovine foot rot diagnosed?
Symmetrical swelling down the axial midline of the foot
67
How is bovine foot rot treated?
Parenteral antibiotics are key *Topical antibiotics alone will NOT work because deep infection* NSAIDs for pain DO NOT BANDAGE
68
Treatment failure of bovine foot rot?
If swelling and lameness don't resolve in 1 week = either misdiagnosis or infection spread to deeper structures ("deep sepsis" = DIP joint or P3 bone)
69
What is the treatment for septic bovine foot rot?
Depridement, cast, analgesics, antibiotics --> ankylosis *Facilitate ankylosis or digit amputation*
70
How is bovine foot rot controlled?
Environmental hygiene, adequate nutrition for hoof/skin, footbaths *No protective immunity - can occur again*
71
How is bovine foot rot prevented?
Rotate pastures Mineral access Fence off flooded pasture area
72
What is the etiologic agent of ovine foot rot?
Dichelobacter nodosus
73
Is ovine foot rot environmental, contagious, or infectious?
Contagious
74
How is ovine foot rot diagnosed?
Same appearance as bovine Early = skin may only be red ("scald")
75
How is ovine foot rot treated?
Isolate clinical cases (contagious!) Parenteral antibiotcs NSAIDs Foot trim Cull sheep that don't respond to abx (can be carriers)

VM749: CLINSCI III (54 decks)

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