Reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
what do reproductive organs produce and store (in general)
A
gametes
2
Q
what do gonads do
A
produce gametes and hormones
3
Q
what do ducts do
A
receive and transport gametes
4
Q
what do accessory glands do
A
secrete fluids into ducts
5
Q
what is the pathway of sperm
A
testis –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> urethra
6
Q
where do spermatic cords begin
A
at the entrance to the inguinal canal
7
Q
what do the spermatic cords descend into
A
scrotum
8
Q
what do spermatic cords enclose
A
ductus deferens, vessels, nerves,
9
Q
what is protruding in an inguinal hernia
A
visceral tissue
10
Q
where is the visceral tissue protruding into in an inguinal hernia
A
inguinal canal
11
Q
why are inguinal hernias common in males
A
the spermatic cord creates a weak point in the abdominal wall
12
Q
what does the temperature have to be for normal sperm development
A
1.1 degrees lower than the rest of the body
13
Q
what muscles in the testes relax when the temperature increases
A
cremaster and dartos
14
Q
why do the cremaster and dartos relax when temp increases
A
to move testes away to keep them cooler
15
Q
what happens to the cremaster and dartos when the scrotum becomes too cold
A
they contract to keep testes close and warm
16
Q
what is the structure of seminiferous tubules
A
slender and tightly coiled
17
Q
where are seminiferous tubules found
A
lobules of the testes
18
Q
where is sperm produced
A
seminiferous tubules
19
Q
what do the testes produce
A
sperm
20
Q
where are the testes found
A
scrotum
21
Q
what are the 3 accessory glands in the male reproductive system
A
seminal gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland
22
Q
what do sperms start out as
A
spermatogonium
23
Q
what do spermatogoniums give rise to
A
primary spermatocyte
24
Q
what do primary spermatocytes give rise to
A
secondary spermatocyte
25
what do secondary spermatocytes give rise to
spermatids
26
what is the process that spermatids undergo to form sperm
spermiogensis
27
what does sperm exit the body through
lumen
28
what are the 2 types of cells found in the seminiferous tubule
nurse and intersitial
29
what is the function of nurse cells
the space between them is where sperm development takes place
30
what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier
to keep sperm away from immune cells cause they will kill the sperm since they're foreign
31
what is the function of interstitial cells
they produce testosterone
32
where is the blood testis barrier located between
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
33
what is the result of mitosis
2 identical daughter cells
34
what is the result of meiosis
4 unique daughter cells
35
what is there less of in the daughter cells in meiosis
genetic information
36
does mitosis or meiosis have more steps
meiosis
37
what is in the parent cell
23 pairs of chromosomes
38
what is the first phase of mitosis
prophase
39
what is the result of prophase
2 sister chromatids
40
what happens during prophase
DNA is duplicated
41
what is the second phase of mitosis
metaphase
42
what happens during metaphase
genetic material is positioned along midline
43
what is the third phase of mitosis
anaphase
44
what happens during anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
45
what is the last phase of mitosis
telophase
46
what happens during telophase
cell splits up leaving you with 2 identical daughter cells
47
what is the first step of meiosis
prophase 1
48
what happens during prophase 1
DNA is duplicating
49
what is formed by the homologous chromosomes in prophase 1
tetrad (chromosomes sticking together)
50
what does the chromosomes crossing over in prophase 1 lead to
homologous recombination
51
what does homologous recombination lead to
unique genetic material
52
what is the second phase of meiosis
metaphase 1
53
what happens during metaphase 1
genetic material is arranged on the midline
54
what is the third phase of meiosis
anaphase 1
55
what happens during anaphase 1
sister chromatids remain together
56
what is the step that happens during meiosis 2
anaphase 2
57
what happens during anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate
58
after meiosis 2, what are male gametes
haploid
59
how long does spermatogenesis take
64 days
60
what are the daughter cells known as in spermatogensis
primary spermatocyte
61
what does the primary spermatocyte enter
meiosis 1
62
what does the primary spermatocyte turn into after meiosis 1
2 secondary spermatocytes
63
what do each of the secondary spermatocytes give rise to
2 spermatids
64
what process causes the secondary spermatocytes to turn into spermatids
meiosis 2
65
what happens to spermatids as they undergo spermiogensis
sperm is formed
66
how much genetic material is in a sperm
half
67
what type of cell is a sperm
haploid
68
how many sperm are created after meiosis 2
4
69
what internal organs does a spermatid contain
mitochondria, nucleus, golgi, acrosomal vesicle
70
what is the purpose of the acrosome in a sperm
penetrates the egg
71
what happens to the cytoplasm during spermiogensis
it is shed
72
what does the head of the sperm contain
acrosome and nucleus
73
what does the middle of a sperm contain
mitochondria
74
how long does spermiogensis take
64 days
75
what do germ cells do
produces spermatogonia (topanga carries a lot of germs)
76
what are leydig cells also known as
interstitial
77
what hormones do nurse cells synthesize
anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, androgen binding globulin
78
what are the main functions of nurse cells
maintain blood testis barrier, secrete androgen-binding protein, supports spermiogensis
79
how do the nurse cells maintain the blood testis barrier
via tight junctions
80
what do the tight junctions of nurse cells isolate
seminiferous tubules from immune cells
81
what does the secretion of androgen-binding protein cause
keeps testosterone levels high
82
how do nurse cells support spermiogensis
provide nutrients for development
83
what do the nurse cells do to the cytoplasm that is shed during spermiogensis
phagocytize it
84
what is the first duct that the sperm enters
epididymis
85
what does the epididymis do for sperm
stores, matures, and recycles
86
what is the largest part of the epididymis that receives sperm
head
87
where is the body of the epididymis located
posterior to the testis
88
where is the tail of the epididymis located
inferior to the testis
89
what does the tail of the epididymis connect to
ductus deferens
90
where is the primary storage of the sperm
tail of the epididymis
91
what are the sperm like when entering the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
immature but immotile
92
what must the sperm undergo for it to become motile
capacitation
93
what does the sperm mix with in capacitation to become mobile
secretion of the seminal glands
94
what has to happen to the sperm in order to become capable of fertilization
it comes into contact with the female reproductive tract
95
what changes occur to the sperm when it interacts with the female reproductive tract
structural changes
96
what is the function of fructose in the seminal gland
nutrients for the sperm
97
what does the prostaglandin stimulate
smooth muscle contractions (im glad my muscles look so smooth)
98
what is the purpose of fibrinogen in the seminal gland
forms a TEMPORARY clot in the vagina to keep the semen there
99
what is the pH in the seminal gland
alkaline
100
what is the purpose of the seminal gland being alkaline
neutralizes acids in the prostate gland and vagina
101
what happens to the sperm in the seminal gland
it becomes motile
102
what male accessory gland is fructose located
seminal
103
what male accessory gland is prostaglandins located
seminal
104
what male accessory gland is fibrinogen located
seminal
105
what is the pH in the prostate gland
acidic
106
what do the enzymes in the prostate gland do
prevent sperm coagulation
107
what happens once the clot in the vagina is dissolved
sperm can move along reproductive tract
108
what is BPG in men
prostate gland will hypertrophy
109
what happens when someone has BPG
urination is difficult
110
what male accessory gland is alkaline mucus located
bulbourethral gland
111
what does the alkaline mucus in the bulbourethral gland do
neutralizes urinary acids and lubricates tip of the penis
112
what hormones in FLATPIG play a part in reproductive function
FLAP
113
what is GnRH released by
hypothalamus
114
what do the GnRH hormones act on
anterior pituitary gland
115
when GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland, what 2 hormones are released
luteinizing and follicle-stimulating
116
what cell does the luteinizing hormone act on in male reproduction
interstitial cells
117
how does testosterone impact bone and muscle
increases growth
118
does testosterone affect male primary or secondary sex characteristics
secondary
119
what does testosterone do for accessory glands
maintains them
120
how does testosterone affect libidio
maintains it
121
what does the follicle-stimulating hormone act on
nurse cells
122
what 3 things happen when folicle-stimulating hormone acts on nurse cells
secrete androgen-binding protein, promotes spermatogenesis, secrete inhibin
123
what does ABP bind to in nurse cells
androgens
124
what happens when ABP binds to androgens
stimulates spermatids maturation
125
how does testosterone aid in spermatid maturation
creates the tail
126
what kind of effect does inhibin have
negative feedback
127
what does inhibin inhibit in male reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH
128
what does testosterone inhibit in male reproduction
GnRH
129
what is the result of testosterone blocking GnRH
decrease in LH and FSH
130
what do granulosa cells have a similar function to
nurse cells (nurses are just grand)
131
what do theca cells have a similar function to
interstitial cells
132
what type of organ is the ovaries
gonad
133
what do the ovaries do
produce hormones and release oocytes
134
what kind of organ are the fallopian tubes
duct
135
what do the fallopian tubes do
carry ovulated oocytes to the uterus
136
what does the uterus do
encloses and supports developing embryo
137
what does the vagina connect
uterus to external environment
138
what organ is the uterus, cervix, and vagina considered
trick question - nothing
139
what type of organ is the clitoris considered
external genitalia
140
what are the 3 types of cells in the fallopian tubes
ciliated columnar, mucin secreting, peg cells
141
what do peg cells secrete
the fluid that completes sperm capacitation (peggy completes sperm capping)
142
what moves the oocytes to the uterus
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
143
what type of environment do the fallopian tubes provide
nutrient rich
144
what is the muscular organ in the female reproductive system
uterus
145
when is an embryo
1-8 weeks
146
when is a fetus
week 9 - delivery
147
what are the main functions of the uterus
protect, nourish, and remove waste
148
where is the cervix located
inferior the uterus
149
what is the inner most layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
150
what does it mean that the endometrium is glandular
can release a number of secretions
151
what does it mean that the endometrium is vascular
has a lot of blood vessels
152
what causes the endometrium to change occasionally
estrogen during your period
153
what is the middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
154
what is the thickness of the endometrium like
thin
155
what is the thickness of the myometrium like
thick
156
what type of muscle is in the myometrium
smooth muscle
157
what is the reason for the different muscle fiber arrangements in the myometrium
pressure can be applied to the fetus from all directions
158
what do contractions of the myometrium cause
moves fetus, blood, and sperm
159
what is the outermost layer of the uterine wall called
perimetrium
160
what is the perimetrium continuous with
peritoneal lining
161
what does the vagina span to and from
cervix to vestibule
162
what is the vagina a passage way for
menstrual fluids
163
what part of the birth canal does the vagina form
inferior portion
164
what is the accessory gland in the female reproductive tract
greater vestibular gland
165
what gland in the male reproductive tract are greater vestibular glands similar to
bulbourethral
166
what do the greater vestibular glands do
secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina
167
what kind of tissue does the clit contain
erectile tissue
168
what is the labia minora
hairless folds around the vestibule
169
what kind of tissue is the labia majora made of
adipose tissue
170
what do the mammary glands produce
milk
171
what do the mammary glands consist of
lobes
172
what do the lobes in boobs contain
lobules
173
what are the lobules in the boobs separated by
dense connective tissue
174
what do the lobules give rise to in the boob
mammary duct
175
what do the mammary ducts converge to form
lactiferous duct
176
what is the expansion of the lactiferous duct called
lactiferous sinus
177
where does oocyte growth and maturation occur
ovarian follicles
178
where are primary oocytes located
primordial ovarian follicles
179
what are primary oocytes surrounded by
squamous follicle cells (to squeeze through follopian tubes)
180
what do the primordial ovarian follicles give rise to
primary ovarian follicle
181
what is the primary ovarian follicle surrounded by
simple cuboidal epithelium
182
what does the primary ovarian follicle give rise to
secondary ovarian follicle
183
what is the secondary ovarian follicle surrounded by
stratified cuboidal epithelium
184
what does the secondary ovarian follicle give rise to
tertiary ovarian follicle
185
what is the tertiary ovarian follicle filled with
follicular fluid
186
what happens when the tertiary ovarian follicle ruptures
secondary oocyte is released
187
what happens to the follicle after it ruptures
turns into corpus luteum
188
what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn't occur
turns into corpus albicans
189
what does 1 primary oocyte give rise to
2 secondary oocytes
190
what is the result of prophase 1
4 copies of genetic material
191
what happens to the genetic material in prophase 1 in oogenesis
half of it is lost and half makes up a primary oocyte
192
how many primary oocytes enter meiosis 2
1
193
what happens to the genetic material in meiosis 2 in oogenesis
half of it is lost, half makes up a secondary oocyte
194
what is the result of oogenesis
1 secondary oocyte
195
when do mitotic divisions of oogonia occur
before birth
196
what do the primary oocytes at prophase 1 cause to occur
meiosis being halted
197
how many copies of genetic material are at prophase 1
4
198
what hormone causes prophase 1 to resume
FSH
199
what is the first thing the luteal phase trigger
completion of meiosis 1
200
when in oogenesis does ovulation take place
when secondary oocyte enters metaphase 2
201
when does meiosis 2 complete in oogenesis
when egg is fertilization
202
when are there a lot of oocytes in the body
before birth
203
what is the first hormone that released during female reproduction regulation
GnRH
204
how does GnRH affect FSH in female reproduction regulation
produces and secretes it
205
how does GnRH affect LH in female reproduction regulation
only produces it - doesn't secrete
206
what gland/organ does the production and secretion of FSH act on in female reproduction regulation
ovaries
207
what does FSH acting on the ovaries cause in female reproduction regulation
follicle development, secretion of inhibin, and production of estrogen
208
how does estrogen affect bones and muscles
causes them to grow
209
does estrogen affect primary or secondary sex characteristics
secondary
210
how does estrogen affect the endometrium
increases growth and secretion
211
what part of the brain does estrogen affect
CNS
212
what is the second phase of female reproduction regulation
follicular phase
213
what does estrogen cause the secretion of in female reproduction regulation
progesterone
214
what happens to LH when estrogen levels are low in female reproduction regulation
LH is inhibited
215
what happens to FSH during the follicular phase in female reproduction regulation
levels decline due to inhibition by inhibin
216
what does estrogen stimulate secretion of after day 10
LH
217
what phase occurs when LH is secreted in female reproduction regulation
luteal phase
218
what does progesterone inhibit in female reproduction regulation
GnRH
219
what is the first thing that happens when there is a surge in LH during the luteal phase
primary oocytes --> secondary oocyte
220
what happens once secondary oocyte is formed during luteal phase
follicle ruptures
221
what does the follicle rupturing result in during the luteal phase
ovulation
222
what happens after ovulation if there isn't a pregnancy in the luteal phase
corpus luteum is formed
223
what does the formation of the corpus luteum produce
progesterone (luteum - luteal) (progesterone is formed to prepare body for pregnancy which is what the corpus luteum does)
224
what hormones increase during menopause
GnRH, FSH, and LH
225
what hormones decrease during menopause
estrogen and progesterone
226
what happens to granulosa cells in women during menopause
there is decline
227
what hormones do granulosa cells produce
estrogen and inhibin
228
what is menopause characterized by
cease of ovulation and menstrual cycle
229
what is there no more of at the age of 50
primordial ovarian follicles
230
what does a decrease in estrogen lead to during menopause
reduced size of uterus and boobs, thinning of uterus and vagina wall, reduced bone density
231
what do the androgens produced by theca cells convert to
estrogen (theca - estra)
232
what can estrogen block
FSH/LH and GnRH secretion
233
what do hormonal preparations contain
synthetic estrogen and progesterone
234
what are examples of combined hormonal preparations
pill, patch, ring
235
what type of contraceptives are the pill, patch, and ring
short acting
236
what happens for 3 week in short acting contraceptives
body is exposed to estrogen and progesterone
237
what happens for the 1 week following in short acting contraceptives
hormone free interval
238
what do hormones impair and inhibit in the 3 weeks of short acting contraceptives
folliculogensis and ovulation
239
what can exposure to these hormones induce in contraceptives
endometrial development
240
what can removal of exposure to these hormones cause in contraceptives
menses (period)
241
what are 2 types of progestin-only contraceptives
pill and injection
242
what does exposure to progestin impact
reproductive tract and folliculogensis
243
what 3 things can happen when exposed to progestin
thickens cervical mucus, impair endometrial development, and prevent ovulation
244
what is the purpose of thick cervical mucus
block sperm
245
what type of contraceptives are the implant and IUD
long acting
246
how long can long acting contraceptives provide protection
12 years
247
what do hormonal IUDs release
progestin
248
what are 3 functions of progestin
thickens mucus, thins uterine lining, prevents ovulation
249
what does a copper IUD provide
mechanical barrier
250
how does a copper IUD prevent pregnancy
blocks sperm and prevents implantation
251
what do hormonal implants release
progestin
252
what is the most effective form of birth control
IUDs
253
how do morning after pills work
blocks LH surge and ovulation
254
what kind of STD is trichomoniasis
parasite (TRICked me to go to a fake webSITE)
255
what kind of STD is syphilis
bacterial
256
what kind of STD is genital HPV
virus/infection
257
what kind of STD is gonorrhea
bacterial
258
what kind of STD is chlamydia
bacterial
259
what kind of STD is HIV
virus
260
where are STDs most common
college kids
261
why are STDs common among the elderly
use of viagra and lack of condom use
262
how does estrogen affect LH the first 10 days
it inhibits it
263
what does progesterone do in female reproductive regulation
maintains pregnancy
264
why is LH levels flat while GnRH and FSH are increasing
estrogen isn't high enough to cause the release of LH
265
when does LH begin to be released in female reproductive regulation
when estrogen levels peak
266
what causes the proliferative phase of the endometrium
estrogen increasing
267
how does the LH surge impact the follicle stage of the oocyte
causes ovulation
268
how does progesterone impact GnRH, FSH, and LH levels
causes all of them to decrease
269
what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy
degrades into corpus albicans
270
what happens to the endometrium as progesterone levels start decreasing
secretory phase is ended
271
what happens to endometrial lining when menstrual phase happens
it starts desinigrating
272
what are the 3 things that determine is a fetus is male or female
genetic, gonadal, phenotypic
273
what are the genetic differences between male and female
males - XY, female - XX
274
what are the gonadal differences between male and female
males - testes, females - ovaries
275
what are phenotypic differences in sex determination
reproductive tracts, accessory glands, external genitalia
276
what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called
autosomes
277
what is the last pair of chromosomes called
sex chromosomes
278
what is the biggest difference between an X and a Y chromosome
size
279
is an X or a Y chromosome bigger
X
280
what happens when an embryo doesn't have an X chromosome
it dies
281
what gene is necessary for testis development
SRY gene (sry you have testes)
282
is the SRY gene found in X or Y chromosomes
Y (srY)
283
what happens when someone has 2 Y chromosomes
taller and delayed language development
284
what is gonadal development dependent on
only genes
285
do hormones affect gonadal development
NO
286
what are gonads before the 6th week of fetus development
bipotential
287
what are biopotential gonads
they can become either ovaries or testes
288
what does SRY gene bind to
Sox9 protein
289
what does Sox 9 inhibit
Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4
290
what happens when Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4 are inhibited
testes develop
291
what happens when Rspo 1, B-catenin, Wnt 4 are present in xx chromosomes
Sox 9 is inhibited
292
what happens when Sox 9 is inhibited
ovary development
293
what does an embryo possess before sexual development
male and female reproductive tract progenitors
294
what is the female reproductive tract progenitors
mullerian duct
295
what is the male reproductive tract progenitors
wolffian duct (alpha wolf male)
296
what does the mullerian duct differentiate into
oviduct, uterus, cervix
297
what does the wolffian duct differentiate into
epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle
298
what is required to maintain the mullerian ducts
neither testes or ovaries
299
what maintains the wolffian ducts
testosterone (wolf must be fed or it will die)
300
what causes the regression of mullerian ducts
anti-mullerian hormone
301
what determines phenotype sex
hormones
302
what hormone secreted by the ovaries are in charge of phenotypic sex development
estrogen
303
what are the organs that estrogen develops
breasts, uterus, vagina, and ovaries
304
what hormone secreted by the testes are in charge of phenotypic sex development
testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
305
what is some testosterone converted into
DHT
306
what converts testosterone to DHT
5-a-reductase
307
why is DHT better than testosterone
it accomplishes the same things but to a greater extent
308
what is estradiol
most potent form of estrogen
309
what causes testosterone to convert to estradiol
aromatase
310
what is the default of external genitalia before it is differentiated
feminization
311
what does the genital tubercule turn into during feminization
clit
312
what does the genital swelling turn into during feminization
labia majora
313
what is required for masculinization to occur
DHT
314
what does the genital tubercule turn into during masculinization
penis
315
what does the genital swelling turn into during masculinization
ball sack
316
what is the chromosomal sex in turner syndrome
only a single X chromosome
317
gonadal sex in turner syndrome
small ovaries
318
internal phenotypic sex in turner syndrome
mullerian duct
319
external phenotypic sex in turner syndrome
feminization
320
chromosomal sex of Klinefelter syndrome
XXY - extra X chromosome
321
gonadal sex in klinefelter syndrome
testes
322
internal phenotypic sex in klinefelter syndrome
wolffian duct
323
external phenotypic sex in Klinefelter syndrome
masculinization
324
chromosomal sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
XY
325
gonadal sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
testes
326
internal phenotypic sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
neither wolffian or Müllerian duct
327
external phenotypic sex in androgen insensitivity syndrome
feminization
328
chromosomal sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
XX
329
what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia
excess testosterone from adrenal gland
330
gonadal sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
ovaries
331
internal phenotypic sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
both wolffian and Müllerian mullerian duct
332
external phenotypic sex in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
feminization with partial masculinization
333
what is fertilization
fusion of male and female gametes
334
what does the fusion of male and female gametes cause to be formed
zygote
335
what covers the oocyte
zona pellucida
336
what are the cells that cover the zona pellcuida
corona radiate
337
what has to happen to the sperm before it can fertilize the oocyte
undergoes capacitation
338
where does the oocyte have to be in order to be fertilized
fallopian tubes
339
what happens to proteins in the acrosomal region to make the sperm head able to penetrate
they're removed or destabilized
340
what do the protein in the sperm head allow binding to
zona pellucida
341
what happens to the sperm head as it moves towards ejaculation
more proteins are added
342
what happens to the proteins on the sperm head once capacitated
they're rearranged
343
where does capacitation happen
female productive tract
344
why is it important that the protein on the sperm head get rearranged
so that the sperm can fertilize the egg
345
what does the sperm have to burrow through to fertilize egg
corona radiata
346
what does the sperm come into contact with once it gets past the corona radiata
zona pellucida
347
what does the binding of proteins of the sperm and outside of egg result in
hydrolytic enzymes are released
348
what is called when the hydrolytic enzymes are released
acrosomal reaction
349
what happens after acrosomal reaction
longer tunnel is formed in zona pellucida to further burrow sperm
350
what happens once the sperm is fully through the zona pellucida
plasma membranes fuse
351
what occurs to the sperm when the plasma membranes are fusing
nucleus is released into egg
352
what does it mean for the nucleus of the sperm to be released into the egg
genetic material is moved into egg
353
how does the sperm nucleus in the egg effect it
helps it finish meiosis 2
354
what forms the pronucleus
membrane formed around the sperm once nucleus is released
355
how is the zygote formed
two pronuclei join
356
what do the cortical granules do when the fertilization takes place
release contents
357
what happens when the cortical granules release their contents
zona pellucida hardens
358
what is the significance of zona pellucida hardening
keeps other sperm from coming in (polyspermy)
359
how long is the germinal stage
0-2 weeks
360
how long is the embryonic stage
3-8 weeks
361
what happens to the blastocyst during the embryonic stage
takes on human characteristics
362
how long is fetal stage
9 weeks - birth
363
what does the advanced morula undergo
hatching
364
what happens to the advanced morula during hatching
zona pellucida is lost
365
what is the advanced morula after hatching
blastocyst
366
what is the space inside the blastocyst
blastocoele
367
what is the outer layer of the blastocyst
trophoblast
368
what does gestation refer to
the time from fertilization to birth
369
what does pregnancy refer to
the time after implantation
370
what part of the blastocyst turns into the fetus
trophoblast
371
what is the first thing that is formed after embryo implantation
amniotic sac
372
what is the major function of the amniotic sac
cushions the baby
373
what regulates the temperature in the uterus during pregnancy
amniotic fluid
374
what are the other 2 things that develop after the amniotic sac is made
umbilical cord and placenta
375
what is the main function of the umbilical cord
connects fetus to placenta
376
what is the temporary organ in the uterus during pregnancy
placenta
377
when is the fetus most susceptible to damage from drugs, alcohol, illnesses, etc
1st trimester
378
what kind of organ is the placenta
transient
379
what is a transient organ
it grows, then leaves
380
how does the placenta act like the liver
detoxifies
381
how does the placenta act like the kidneys
water balance
382
what does the placenta make
red blood cells
383
are the maternal and fetal blood in contact
never
384
what surrounds the fetal capillaries in the placenta
chorionic villus
385
what is the space that is outside of the chorionic villus
intervillous space
386
what do maternal blood vessels drain into in the placenta
intervillous space
387
what carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
umbilical arteries
388
what carries oxygenated blood back to the fetus
umbilical vein
389
why is placental endocrine function important
it determines physiological functions in the mother
390
what hormone is the main indicator of pregnancy
hCG
391
what hormones make the mom feel nausea during pregnancy
hCG
392
what keeps the corpus luteum from degrading during pregnancy
hCG
393
what does the hormone hPL do during pregnancy
dulls insulin
394
what is the result of dulled insulin during pregnancy
increased glucose levels for fetus
395
what does relaxin help with during pregnancy
delivery of the baby
396
what promotes endometrial growth during pregnancy
estrogens
397
what maintains endometrial growth during pregnancy
progesterone
398
when during pregnancy does the fetus have all its organs
2nd trimester
399
when does fetal kicks and movement begin
2nd trimester
400
why does the skull remain soft in the third trimester
to make passing through the birth canal easier
401
what is the fetus covered in after birth
vernix
402
spermiogensis vs spermatogenesis
spermato - sperm production, spermio - final stage of spermatogenesis
