Urinary system Flashcards
1
Q
what is the function of the kidney in the simplest terms
A
filter blood and produce urine
2
Q
what is the function of the ureters in the simplest terms
A
transport urine to the bladder
3
Q
what is the function of the bladder in the simplest terms
A
store urine
4
Q
what is the function of the urethra in the simplest terms
A
excrete pee
5
Q
how many ureters are there
A
2
6
Q
what are ureters
A
muscular tubes
7
Q
what are ureters lined with
A
transitional epithelium
8
Q
what does the bladder do when it gets full
A
distends/stretches
9
Q
what is the bladder lined with
A
transitional epithelium
10
Q
where is the bladder located
A
different places for men and women
11
Q
what are the 3 regions of the urethra in men
A
prostatic, membranous, spongy
12
Q
what does the urethra in men do
A
remove urine and semen
13
Q
what type of tissue in the urethra is closest to the bladder
A
transitional
14
Q
in males, what is the type of tissue that lies in the middle of the urethra
A
psuedostratified
15
Q
what type of tissue is towards the end of the urethra
A
stratified squamous (a urethra would make kat STRATford sqeamous)
16
Q
why are UTIs more common in women
A
urethras are shorter, closer to anus, and sexually transmitted
17
Q
what is the granular superficial part of the kidney called
A
renal cortex
18
Q
what are the cone shaped pyramids in the kidney called
A
renal medulla
19
Q
how does urine flow because of the medulla
A
papillae to ureter
20
Q
where does blood flow come from in the medulla
A
segmental artery
21
Q
what is the pathway of blood flow in renal circulation
A
renal artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> venule –> renal vein
22
Q
what are the two parts of the nephron
A
glomerulus and renal tubule
23
Q
what is the glomerulus
A
tube of capillaries
24
Q
what is the renal tubule
A
cup shaped capsule
25
what is the renal tubule followed by
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
26
what tissue is the renal corpuscle composed of
simple squamous cells
27
what tissue is the proximal convoluted tubule composed of
simple cuboidal cells
28
what tissue is the descending limb of the nephron loop composed of
simple squamous cells
29
what tissue is the ascending limb of the nephron loop composed of
simple cuboidal cells
30
what tissue is the distal convoluted tubule composed of
simple cuboidal cells
31
what is main difference between the cuboidal cells in the distal vs proximal convoluted tubules
proximal has microvilli and lots of mitochondria and distal doesn't
32
how many types of cells does the collecting duct have
2
33
what tissue is the papillary duct composed of
simple columnar cells
34
what is the most abundant type of nephron
cortical nephrons
35
where are cortical nephrons found
renal cortex
36
where are juxtamedullary nephrons found
between cortex and medulla
37
what do juxtamedullary nephrons have
long loops of henle that innvervate the medulla
38
what do the juxtamedullary nephrons do
concentrate urine
39
what is glomerular filtration influenced by
hydrostatic pressure
40
where does glomerular filtration take place
renal corpuscle
41
what is produced in glomerular filtration
filtrate
42
what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule
water and nutrients are reabsorbed back into the blood stream
43
what happens in the descending limb of the nephron loop
reabsorbs water into bloodstream
44
what happens in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
reabsorbs sodium and chloride into the bloodstream
45
what happens in the distal convoluted tubule
secretes ions, toxins, etc and reabsorbs water into blood stream
46
what happens in the collecting duct
water reabsorption and solutes are secreted
47
what happens in the papillary duct
delivers urine to minor calyx to be eliminated
48
3 layers of the glomerular filtration membrane
glomerular capillary, basement membrane, podocytes (go be pussies)
49
what does the glomerular capillary layer contain
fenestra - pores
50
what connects the capillary layer and podocytes
basement membrane of the glomerular filtration membrane
51
what are podocytes
filtration slits
52
which way does filtrate travel in the glomerular filtration membrane
from capillary lumen to the capillary space
53
what is the glomerular filtration rate
filtrate formed per minute
54
what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure
pressure in the glomerulus due to BP
55
what are the 2 forces that oppose GHP
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood caloidal pressure
56
what is capsular hydrostatic pressure
force of filtrate against the capsule wall in the glomerulus
57
how does blood caloidal pressure oppose GHP
blood proteins in the capillaries increase osmotic pressure which causes filtrate to be drawn back into capillaries
58
what does net filtration pressure cause if it becomes off balance
renal/kidney failure
59
where does tubular reabsorption occur
proximal convoluted tubule
60
what is being absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
water, inorganic, and organic solutes
61
where does tubular secretion occur
proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
62
where does tubular secretion never occur
nephron loop
63
what's being secreted in tubular secretion
inorganic, organic solutes, and drugs/toxins
64
how does facilitated diffusion work
glucose attaches to carrier protein which moves it into/out of cell
65
is ATP required for facilitate diffusion
no
66
why is ATP not required for some carrier-mediated transport mechanism
concentration gradient is what moves the molecules
67
how does co-transport work
2 molecules follow the same gradient in the same direction
68
does co-transport require ATP
no
69
how does active transport work
sodium-potassium pumps move Na+ and K+ against gradient
70
is ATP required for active transport
yes
71
how does counter transport work
one molecule enters cell while another exits
72
are leak channels always open
yes
73
what enters the cell in in the proximal convoluted tubule
glucose and sodium
74
what is formed in the cell in the proximal convoluted tubule
H+
75
what goes in and what goes out in the proximal convoluted tubule
Na+ in, K+ out
76
how does glucose and sodium enter the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule
co transport
77
how else can sodium enter the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule
leak channels
78
how does H+ form in the cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule
carbonic anhydrase reaction
79
how does Na+ leave cell and K+ enter cell in the process of transport in the proximal convoluted tubule
exchange pump
80
how do carrier proteins become saturated
Na+ and glucose concentrations are too high so sodium glucose transporters can't transfer them across the membrane, so the solutes are left in the filtrate
81
how does Na and Cl enter the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
co transport
82
how does Cl leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
leak channels
83
how does Na leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
exchange pump with K+
84
when Na leaves in the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule, what is it exchanged with
K+
85
how does K leave the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
leak channels
86
how can the Na/K pump be regulated
by aldosterone
87
what happens after H is moved into the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
bicarbonate is moved into the blood
88
what happens to CO2 once it enters the cell in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
interacts with water to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate
89
what happens once H+ and bicarbonate is formed in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
H+ leaves the cell and Na moves in
90
how else can Na enter the cell in the second part of the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
counter transport with ammonia
91
where does ammonia come from in the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
amino acid deamination
92
what else is formed from amino acid deamination
bicarbonate
93
how does bicarbonate exit the cell at the end of the transport at the distal convoluted tubule
counter transport with Cl- (chloride shift)
94
what fluid in the kidneys become urine
tubular fluid
95
what does tubular transport result in
medulla osmotic gradient
96
what causes the osmotic gradient in renal
concentration in medulla is greater than the concentration in the cortex
97
what is osmolarity defined as
how much solute is in a certain amount of water
98
how is osmotic gradient obtained
changes in tubular fluid, peritubular fluid, and blood
99
what is the general idea of what happens to fluid as it moves along the nephron loop
filtrate concentration changes
100
what can pass through the descending loop
only water
101
what can pass through the ascending loop
only Na and Cl
102
what happens to osmolarity as fluid moves down the descending limb
increases because water is leaving
103
what happens to osmolarity as fluid moves up the ascending limb
decreases because Na and Cl are leaving
104
what is the counter current multiplication defined as
the flow of filtrate in opposite direction in the nephron loop and concentration multiplying
105
how does transport at the collecting duct change peritubular concentration
urea concentrations increase
106
why do urea concentrations increase when moving from the nephron loop to collecting duct
because urea can't pass through ascending or descending limb
107
what can urea pass through in the renal
papillary duct
108
where does urea go once it's passed through the papillary duct
peritubular fluid
109
what is the main function of the vasa recta
maintain concentration gradient of the medulla
110
which way does the vasa recta carry blood
opposite direction of filtrate in nephron loop
111
how does the vasa recta maintain the osmolarity of the blood
absorbs the solutes and water that are in blood to balance it out/bring levels back down
112
what are 3 ways the body controls glomerular filtration rate
auto regulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation
113
when is auto regulation used
when the body is at rest
114
when is neural regulation used
when the body is experiencing stress
115
what type of regulation is short term stress and which is long term
neural - short term, hormonal - long term
116
how does neural regulation decrease GFR
sympathetic fibers innervate the kidneys which causes afferent arterioles to constrict
117
what is hormonal regulation initiated by
kidneys - RAAS system
118
what are juxtaglomerular cells and where are they found
smooth muscles cells in the afferent arterioles
119
what kind of receptors do juxtaglomerular cells contain
mechanoreceptors
120
where are macula densa cells found
distal convoluted tubule
121
what kind of receptors do macula densa cells contain
chemo and osmo receptors
122
what properties do mesanglial cells have
contractile
123
what can mesanglial cells be affected by
vasopressin and angiotensin 2
124
what do auto regulation cells do when homeostasis is disrupted
dilates afferent arterioles, contracts mesanglial cells, and contracts efferent arterioles
125
what does dilation of afferent arterioles, contraction of mesanglial cells, and contraction of efferent arterioles result in
glomerular BP increases and homeostasis is restored
126
what two things are released during hormonal regulation
cortisol and aldosteron
127
what does aldosterone trigger in normal regulation
retention of sodium and water and increase in BP and blood volume
128
how is renal absorption affected in zona glomerulosa
increased
129
what is the renal absorbing in zona glomerulosa
Na and H2O
130
what is renal absorption stimulated by in zona glomerulosa
angiotensin 2
131
what stimulates the RAAS system in the very beginning
decrease in BP
132
what is released by the kidneys when low BP is detected
renin
133
when happens when renin enters the blood
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
134
what converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
ACE enzyme
135
what can angiotensin 2 do
make you thirsty, constrict blood vessels, act on adrenal cortex
136
what happens when angiotensin 2 acts on the adrenal cortex
releases aldosterone which leads to Na reabsorption in kidneys
137
what does the macula densa detect
low Na levels
138
what happens when macula densa detects low Na levels
releases renin to enter the bloodstream
139
what organ causes angiotensinogen and convert to angiotensin 1 to enter the blood
liver
140
what releases ACE to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
lungs
141
what does angiotensin 2 act on
posterior pituitary gland
142
what happens once angiotensin 2 is acted on posterior pituitary
ADH is released
143
what do paracellular junctions contain
tight junctions (with pores)
144
what do transcellular junctions contain
aquaporins
145
what are aquaporins
transmembrane proteins that are only water permeable
146
what does ADH express in the DCT and collecting duct
aquaporins
147
what happens when ADH expresses aquaporins
increased water absorption into blood which decreases urine volumes
148
what is indicated if urine concentrations are too high
pathology
149
what does high protein concentrations in urine indicate
hypertension
150
what does high glucose concentrations in urine indicate
diabetes
151
what does high bilirubin concentrations in urine indicate
liver problems
152
what does high leukocytes concentrations in urine indicate
UTI
153
what are the metabolic functions of the kidney
vitamin D synthesis and forming calcitriol
154
what does vitamin D impact
metabolism, endocrine, and digestive system
155
what are some metabolic wastes that are removed in urine
urea, creatine, uric acid
156
what happens to urea, creatine, and uric acid
either dissolved in blood or eliminated in urine
157
how do the kidneys play a part in blood homeostasis
regulates volume, composition, and pH
158
what is gluconeogensis in terms of the kidney functions
energy during fasting
159
what are the affects of the kidneys on endocrine function
produces renin and erythropoietin
