Immune system Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
what regulates pH in the body
A
carbonic anhydrase
2
Q
where is carbonic anhydrase found
A
in the red blood cells
3
Q
what is responsible for blood clotting
A
platelets
4
Q
1st step of wound healing
A
hemostasis
5
Q
what happens during hemostasis
A
blood clotting
6
Q
what protein does oxygen bind to to transport gas
A
heme
7
Q
what protein does carbon dioxide bind to to transport gas
A
a and b chains
8
Q
where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph to
A
from tissues to veins
9
Q
what is lymph made from
A
plasma
10
Q
what does lymph not have that is normally found in blood
A
plasma proteins
11
Q
where is the lymph from one side of the body carried to
A
subclavian vein
12
Q
what happens in the primary lymphoid tissues
A
lymphocytes are formed and matured
13
Q
what are two examples of primary lymphoid tissues
A
red bone marrow and thymus
14
Q
what happens to lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissue
A
lymphocytes are activated
15
Q
what kind of lymphoid tissue is the spleen
A
secondary
16
Q
where does blood pressure cause plasma to leak in to
A
interstitial space
17
Q
what is it called when interstitial fluid enters and stays in the lymphatic system
A
lymph
18
Q
what causes lymph to move through vessels
A
movement of the body
19
Q
how does lymph stay in the lymphatic capillaries
A
they have one-way valves
20
Q
what are the one-way valves made of
A
overlapping endothelial cells
21
Q
what happens to the thymus after puberty
A
it becomes inactivated
22
Q
what is the main function of the thymus
A
T cell development
23
Q
where do T cells divide
A
cortex
24
Q
where do T cells mature
A
medulla
25
what do proteins do in thyme epithelial cells
test to see if the cells recognize them
26
what kind of lymphoid tissue are the tonsils
secondary
27
where are pathogens in the tonsils trapped
crypts
28
where are pathogens taken once the crypts trap them
lymphoid nodules
29
what does the cortex of the lymph node contain
follicles
30
what 3 things do the follicles in the cortex contain
naive B cells, activated B cells, T cells
31
where do you find activated B cells
germinal centers
32
what are the daughter of B cells that make antibodies
plasma cells
33
what does the medulla in lymph nodes contain
macrophages
34
what does the paracortex in the lymph nodes contain
dendritic cells (lions DEN is only used PARt of the year)
35
2 major functions of lymph nodes
cleanse the lymph and activate the immune system
36
what does red pulp in the spleen contain
macrophages that monitor red blood cells
37
what does white pulp in the spleen do
initiates immune response
38
what are the main functions of the spleen
remove abnormal blood cells, storage of iron, and immune response
39
what is lipopolysaccharide categorized as
PAMP
40
what is the function of PAMPs
signal the presence of pathogens
41
what is the function of DAMPs
damage signaled by unusual molecules in extracellular spaces
42
what is an example of DAMPs
high ATP concentration detected
43
what are CD molecules
markers on blood cells
44
what is the function of cytokines
cellular signaling
45
what are two examples of cytokines
interleukins and chemokines
46
what can chemokine cause
cell mobility (chemotaxis)
47
what are two major functions of CD molecules
cell to cell signaling and identifying cells
48
what is blood plasma made up of
water, proteins, other solutes
49
where can white blood cells and platelets be found
Buffy coat
50
what is hematocrit
percent of RBC within a sample
51
what are stacks of RBC called
rouleaux
52
what do RBC lack
organelles
53
what are RBC unable to do
synthesize or repair proteins
54
what does hemoglobin transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide
55
what happens to the normoblast during erythropoiesis
loses nucleus and organelles
56
what does a normoblast turn in to during erythropoiesis
reticulocyte
57
what does a reticulocyte turn in to during erythropoiesis
erythrocyte
58
what causes the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during erythropoiesis
macrophage
59
what do macrophages secrete during erythropoiesis
IL-3
60
what do hematopoietic cells differentiate to during erythropoiesis
proerythrozytes
61
where is erythropoietin produced
kidneys
62
where does erythropoiesis take place
red bone marrow
63
how do proerythrocytes turn into normoblasts
EPO binds to receptor
64
what is the goal of blood doping
to elevate hematocrit
65
does blood doping have an affect on endurance or high intensity
only high intensity
66
what does EPO increase
VO2max and exhaustion
67
what do macrophages inspect
glycoproteins
68
what is jaundice a buildup of
bilirubin
69
what happens to RBC once they mature
they enter the bloodstream
70
what happens to RBCs once they become too old
phagocytosis by the macrophages
71
what protein do the macrophages create from phagocytosis
heme
72
what does heme convert to
biliverdin
73
what does biliverdin convert to
bilirubin
74
where is bilirubin sent to
the liver
75
what is bilirubin secreted into in the liver
bile
76
where does bilirubin go once it exits the liver
large intestine
77
what is bilirubin broken down into in the intestine
urobilins
78
where are urobilins taken
kidney
79
what does the heme transport back into the bone
Iron (Fe2+)
80
what do multi-CSF cells make
granulocytes, monocytes, platalets, and RBC
81
what does GM-CSF stimulate the production of
granulocytes (G) and monocytes (M)
82
where are most WBCs found
connective tissue proper
83
what do WBCs lack
hemoglobin
84
what do WBC have that RBC don't
nucleus and organelles
85
what are the most abundant WBC
neutrophils
86
what WBC contains bactericidal compounds
neutrophils
87
what WBC is involved in allergic reactions and infections and reduces inflammation
eosinophils (eos lip balm calms inflammation and dies my lips pink)
88
what WBC enhances inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
basophils (basil gives me an allergic reaction)
89
what do monocytes become
macrophages
90
where are lymphocytes found
lymphatic organs and CT
91
what WBC carries B and T cells
lymphocytes
92
what WBC is multi nucleated and can stain with an acidic dye
eosinophils
93
what kind of cells are innate immunity cells
mast, monocytes (macrophage, and dendritic), neutrophils, eosinophils
94
what kind of cells are acquired immunity cells
T cells (CD4 and CD8) and B cells (plasma cells)
95
what is innate immunity
immediately responds to disease
96
what do mast cells release
histamine and heparin
97
where are dendritic cells found
stratum spinosum
98
how does the innate response trigger the adaptive response
innate immunity is like a grenade that wakes up adaptive immunity
99
what is the main function of CD8 cells
kill antigens
100
what is the main function of CD4 cells
helps cells develop into ones that make antibodies
101
what cells are responsible for humoral branch
plasma
102
what do damaged cells secrete
cytokines and chemokines
103
what do chemokines send to damaged tissue
neutrophils
104
what do neutrophils bind to in the innate response
selection receptors
105
how do neutrophils enter the damaged tissue
via diapedesis
106
what do neutrophils do once they're in the cell
phagocytose bacteria
107
what cells present agents
macrophages and dendritic cells
108
what are the 3 steps in adaptive immunity response
1. antigen recognition
2. co-stimulation
3. proliferation
109
what is the presenting cell in activating T cells
macrophage
110
what does the macrophage present its antigen on in T cell activation
MCH 2
111
what binds to MCH 2 from T cell
CD4
112
what does the T-cell interact with
the antigen
113
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (T-cell activation)
B7 and CD28 (28 is divisible by 7)
114
what receptor causes proliferation of T-cells
IL2
115
what kind of signaling does IL2 elicit
autocrine
116
what is the presenting cell in activating B cells
naive B cell
117
what does the B cell present its antigen on
MHC 2
118
how does antigen get to B cell
endocytosis
119
what binds to MCH 2 from ACTIVATED T cell
CD4
120
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation (B cell antibody making)
CD40 and CD40L (B cells are like 40 years old)
121
what receptor causes proliferation of B cells to antibodies
IL4
122
what do plasma cells do after proliferation of B cells
they bind antibodies to antigens on pathogens --> phagocytosis
123
what is the presenting cell in cytotoxic T cell activation
macrophage
124
what does the macrophage present the antibody with in cytotoxic T cell activation
MHC 1
125
what binds to MCH 1 from T cell
CD8
126
what two things are interacting during co-stimulation in cytotoxic T cell activation
B7 and CD28
127
what receptor causes proliferation of T KILLER cells
IL2
128
what are antibodies made of
glycoproteins
129
what are the two parts of the polypeptide chain
heavy and light
130
where is the antigen binding site
the ends of variable segments in light and heavy chain (binding site varies)
131
where does binding to macrophages occur on an antibody
heavy chain (macro - big - heavy)
132
what does MHC 2 bind to in general
CD4
133
what does MHC 1 bind to in general
CD8
134
what is required for entry in a viral infection
hemagglutinin
135
what is required for exit in a viral infection
neuraminidase
136
what is released when a viral infection is entering into the cell
interferon type 1
137
what cell type kills viral infections
cytotoxic T cells
138
how are the nearby cells alerted of viral infection
interferons
139
which organ activates lymphocytes
spleen
140
what are the 3 cardinal signs caused by histamine
redness, swelling, heat
141
