Skeletal system

Question 1

what is the function of long bones

Answer 1

movement

Question 2

what is the function of short bones

Answer 2

support

Question 3

what is the function of flat bones

Answer 3

protection

Question 4

how to describe sesamoid bones

Answer 4

seed like/ small and round

Question 5

how to describe irregular bones

Answer 5

complex shape

Question 6

where are sutural bones located

Answer 6

in skull

Question 7

what type of bone is at the ends of bones

Answer 7

trabecular

Question 8

what type of bone is in the middle of bones

Answer 8

compact

Question 9

is compact bone or trabecular bone more porous

Answer 9

trabecular

Question 10

what is the wider end of a long bone called

Answer 10

epiphysis

Question 11

what is the tubular shaft of a long bone called

Answer 11

diaphysis

Question 12

what is the part of the long bone that connects the epiphysis and dialysis

Answer 12

metaphysis

Question 13

where is the epiphyseal plate located

Answer 13

metaphysis

Question 14

what does the epiphysis contain

Answer 14

red bone marrow

Question 15

what does the diaphysis contain

Answer 15

yellow bone marrow (adipose)

Question 16

what is the epiphyseal plate

Answer 16

growing plate

Question 17

what is the growing plate made up of

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage

Question 18

what is the structural unit of compact bone

Answer 18

osteon

Question 19

what are the rings in osteons

Answer 19

lamallae

Question 20

where are osteocytes located

Answer 20

lacunae

Question 21

what are the branches in lacunae called

Answer 21

canaliculi (river canals)

Question 22

what do canaliculi do

Answer 22

transport nutrients and communicate

Question 23

what are the 4 ways osteocytes communicate

Answer 23

focal adhesion, gap junctions, cytoskeletons, ion channels

Question 24

what is the outer layer of compact bone called

Answer 24

periosteum

Question 25

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum

Answer 25

fibrous and cellular

Question 26

what are the 3 cells found in the periosteum

Answer 26

osteoblasts, fibroblasts, skeletal stem cells

Question 27

where do tendons and ligaments attach

Answer 27

periosteum

Question 28

what is the main purpose of spongy bone

Answer 28

provides structure

Question 29

how is the web in spongy bone characterized

Answer 29

it's not random

Question 30

what is the inner layer of compact bone called

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

what does the endosteum line

Answer 31

medullary cavity

Question 32

what is the medullary cavity

Answer 32

hollow space in bones

Question 33

how are osteocytes formed

Answer 33

osteogenic cell --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes

Question 34

what causes osteogenic cells to form

Answer 34

increase in mitotic activity

Question 35

what is the matrix that surrounds osteoblasts and makes them turn into osteocytes

Answer 35

collagen and calcium matrix

Question 36

what 2 things form osteoclasts

Answer 36

monocytes and macrophages

Question 37

what makes long bones

Answer 37

endochondrial ossification

Question 38

what do mesenchymal cells turn into in endochondrial ossification

Answer 38

chondrocytes

Question 39

what covers cartilage in endochondrial ossification

Answer 39

perichondrium

Question 40

what happens as the matrix increases in endochondrial ossification

Answer 40

chondrocytes grow

Question 41

what happens to the matrix eventually in endochondrial ossification

Answer 41

it calcifies and dies

Question 42

what happens once blood vessels invade the space in endochondrial ossification

Answer 42

they carry osteogenic cells

Question 43

what happens when chondrocytes grow at the ends of bones

Answer 43

epiphysis is formed

Question 44

what CT forms bones in intramembranous ossification

Answer 44

mesenchymal CT

Question 45

what forms when osteoblasts cluster in intramembranous ossification

Answer 45

ossification center

Question 46

what happens to osteoblasts when matrix calcifies in intramembranous ossification

Answer 46

they're trapped

Question 47

what happens when osteoblasts become trapped in intramembranous ossification

Answer 47

they turn into osteocytes

Question 48

what does new osteoblasts on the surface create in intramembranous ossification

Answer 48

periosteum layer

Question 49

what is formed when trabecular bone crowds the blood vessels

Answer 49

RBC are formed

Question 50

what happens in secondary ossification

Answer 50

epiphysis grows bone

Question 51

where does the growth of long bone occur

Answer 51

metaphysis

Question 52

what is formed that causes the epiphyseal side to grow

Answer 52

cartilage

Question 53

what is formed that causes the diaphysial side to grow

Answer 53

bone

Question 54

what is the reserve zone

Answer 54

small chondrocytes that don't participate in growth

Question 55

what does the reserve zone secure

Answer 55

epiphysis

Question 56

what kind of growth stops in adulthood

Answer 56

longitudinal

Question 57

what do chondrocytes do to bone growth in adulthood

Answer 57

cease proliferation

Question 58

what does bone replace during bone growth in adulthood

Answer 58

cartilage

Question 59

how do bones grow in diameter via osteoclasts

Answer 59

osteoclasts reabsorb old bone

Question 60

how do bones grow in diameter via osteoblasts

Answer 60

osteoblasts produce new tissue beneath the periosteum

Question 61

what is the master regulator in bone growth

Answer 61

osteocytes

Question 62

out of RANK, RANKL, OPG, SOST what do osteocytes make

Answer 62

RANKL, OPG, SOST

Question 63

what is RANK

Answer 63

receptor on osteoclast

Question 64

what does RANK bind to

Answer 64

RANKL

Question 65

what causes bone formation in the RANK system

Answer 65

RANKL and OPG

Question 66

what does SOST do

Answer 66

inhibits bone formation or reabsorption

Question 67

what is osteoporosis

Answer 67

low bone mass

Question 68

what is the proliferative zone

Answer 68

stacks of chondrocytes

Question 69

how are chondrocytes made in proliferative zone

Answer 69

mitosis

Question 70

what happens to the chondrocytes in the zone of maturation and hypertrophy

Answer 70

they get older and larger

Question 71

what happens to chondrocytes in zone of calcified matrix

Answer 71

they die

Question 72

what happens to capillaries and osteoblasts in zone of calcified matrix

Answer 72

they penetrate and secrete bone tissue

Question 73

what does the zone of ossification connect

Answer 73

epiphyseal plate to diaphysis

Question 74

what causes bone to grow in zone of ossification

Answer 74

osseous tissue is added to diaphysis