Nervous system Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
what is the data coming into the nervous system called
A
afferent (accept)
2
Q
what is the data going of the nervous system called
A
efferent (exit)
3
Q
what is the electromagnetic senses
A
sight
4
Q
what is the mechanical senses
A
touch and hearing
5
Q
what is the chemical senses
A
taste and smell
6
Q
what is sensory transduction
A
energy changes due to the movement of ions across the membrane
7
Q
what is the “language” that the brain understands
A
movement of ions across membrane
8
Q
how are wavelength and frequency related
A
inversely
9
Q
how does light enter the eyes
A
photoreceptors
10
Q
what type of light do humans see
A
visible light
11
Q
where is taste detected
A
gustatory cortex
12
Q
what converts chemical to brain signals in taste
A
chemoreceptors on the tongue
13
Q
what are chemoreceptors on the tongue called
A
papillae
14
Q
what is the movement of ions across the membrane in regards to salt and sour
A
a channel lets H+ and Na+ ions through membrane
15
Q
what is called when the inside of the cell becomes more positive
A
depolarized
16
Q
what is the movement of ions across the membrane in regards to sweet, bitter, and umami
A
ion attaches to receptor to activate the G protein
17
Q
what happens when the G protein is activated
A
stimulates the release of neurotransmitters
18
Q
where is smell detected
A
olfactory cortex
19
Q
where are taste and smell interpreted
A
in the brain
20
Q
what is the order of how scent travels to the brain
A
epithelium –> nerves –> bulb –> tract –> CNS
21
Q
what is the unit of what we hear
A
Hz
22
Q
where are vibrating air molecules sent
A
ear canal
23
Q
where is sound sent from the ear canal
A
ear drum
24
Q
where is sound sent from the ear drum
A
ossicles
25
where is sound sent from the ossicles
cochlea and vestibulocochlear
26
what happens to sound once it exits the cochlea and vestibulocochlear
hair cells are stimulated
27
what happens once the hair cells in the ear are stimulated
nerve fibers send info to auditory cortex
28
what do mechanically gated ions respond to
pressure, stretch, distortion of the membrane
29
where is touch processed
somatosensory cortex
30
where is motor input located
frontal lobe
31
where is somatosensory input located
parietal lobe
32
where is visual input located
occipital lobe
33
where is auditory and olfactory input located
temporal
34
what is the fundamental unit of the nervous system
the neuron
35
where in the neuron does ATP synthesis occur
mitochondria
36
where in the neuron are proteins made
Golgi
37
what part of the neuron sends info to other neurons
axon terminals
38
what part of the neuron receives info
dendrites
39
what kind of channels is input
ligand gated channels
40
what kind of channels is conduction
voltage gated channels
41
what kind of channels is output
voltage gated calcium channels
42
what do ligand channels open in response to
ACH
43
what do voltage gated channels open in response to
membrane potential
44
when are voltage gated channels closed
-70 mV
45
when are voltage gated channels opened
-60 mV
46
when are voltage gated channels inactivated
+30 mV
47
what is axonal transport
movement of materials between cell body and axon terminals
48
how do materials move along the neurotubules
+K and -D motor proteins
49
what is anterograde fast transport
vesicle transport
50
what are the vesicles used in anterograde fast transport
transmembrane proteins on membrane bound ribosomes
51
what is anterograde slow transport
non-vesicle transport
52
what are the non-vesicles in anterograde slow transport
cytoplasmic on free ribosomes
53
what are glial cells
cells of the CNS and PNS
54
what is the purpose of glial cells
support and protect neurons
55
what are the glial cells found in the CNS
astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglial (OMEA)
56
what are the glial cells found in the PNS
satellite cells and Schwann cells
57
what are the functions of astrocytes
blood brain barrier, control interstitial environment, and recycle neurotransmitters
58
what are the functions of ependymal cells
line ventricles, protection of brain, and nourishment and waste removal
59
what is the function of oligodendrocytes
myelinate the axon of CNS neurons
60
what is the function of satellite cells
surround ganglia and regulate fluid in neurons
61
what is the function of Schwann cells
myelinate the axon of PNS neurons
62
what is resting membrane potential
unstimulated resting cell
63
what is graded potential
temporary change in resting potential
64
what is action potential
electrical impulse
65
what is the goal of resting membrane potential
seeks equilibrium for ion that is dominate
66
what is a characteristic of the membrane in resting membrane potential
selectively permeable
67
what is voltage in ohms law
force that moves the current
68
what is current in ohms law
ions moving across the membrane
69
what is resistance in ohms law
how much membrane restricts movement
70
how does myelination effect resistance of the membrane
higher resistance with myelination
71
what is the movement of ions in a chemical gradient
passive
72
how is the movement of ions driven in a chemical gradient
concentration gradient
73
what causes potassium to move out of the cell in a chemical gradient
increase in intracellular K+
74
what causes sodium to move in to the cell in a chemical gradient
increase in extracellular Na+
75
what is the movement of ions in a electrical gradient
passive
76
how is the movement of ions driven in a electrical gradient
charge differences
77
how is potassium effected by the electrical gradient
is is weakened
78
what does sodium do in the electrical gradient
goes into the cell
79
what does sodium do in the electrical gradient
goes into the cell
80
what is equilibrium potential
membrane potential with no net movement
81
what does the membrane in equilibrium potential have high permeability to
potassium
82
what does the membrane in equilibrium potential have low permeability to
sodium
83
how is equilibrium potential calculated
Nernst equation
84
what is the determinant of the Nernst equation
ionic concentration of the inside and outside of cell
85
can graded potential create and full action potential
no
86
why doesn't local current spread in graded potential
cytosol is resistant to ion flow and Na+ efflux
87
what is the result of the local current not being able to spread in graded potential
graded potential cannot reach full action potential
88
what is involved in graded potential
depolarization and hyperpolarization
89
osteoclasts cause calcium to be reabsorbed into the bones
90
"tonin" = tone it down
91
what is temporal summation
2 stimuli on the same spot at a different time (the first stimuli is temporary to move for the second one)
92
what is spatial summation
2 stimuli received at the same time but different location (the stimuli are physically spaced out)
93
where does the action potential send a charge down
the axon
94
what does an action potential affect
the entire membrane
95
where do action potentials begin
initial segment of axon
96
how does the graded potential get the action potential to threshold
depolarizes the axolemma (axon membrane)
97
what has to be reached in order to begin an action potential
threshold
98
what is the term for when the membrane potential begins to increase
depolarization
99
what causes depolarization in an action potential
Na+ channels start to open
100
what is happening during rapid depolarization of an action potential
Na+ rushes into cytosol
101
what is the membrane potential during the peak of an action potential
+30mV
102
what is happening in an action potential as the membrane reaches +30mV (peak)
Na+ channels close, K+ channels open
103
what is happening during depolarization in an action potential
K+ moves out of cell
104
what happens at the very end of an action potential
K+ channels close, Na+ channels become inactive
105
what causes temporary hyperpolarization in an action potential
K+ is still moving out cell while the channels are closing
106
how do action potential across an axon when it is unmyelinated
continuously
107
what happens in the initial segment of an unmyelinated axon
depolarization
108
what happens in the 2nd segment of an unmyelinated axon
sodium ions spread --> depolarized to threshold
109
what happens to segment 1, when segment 2 becomes depolarized
repolarizes
110
what brings segment 3 to threshold
graded potential brings axolemma to threshold
111
how does an action potential move down a myelinated axon
it jumps from node to node
112
do action potentials move faster down unmyelinated or myelinated axons
myelinated
113
what occurs at the initial segment of a myelinated axon
Na+ ions go in
114
how does node 2 get to threshold in a myelinated axon
local current causes the graded potential to bring the axolemma to node 2
115
what is the very first step of an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
action potential depolarizes axon terminal
116
what does depolarization in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse cause to happen
Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters cytosol
117
what happens once Ca2+ enters the cytosol in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
ACh is released from vesicles by exocytosis
118
what happens once ACh is released from presynaptic cleft in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
binds to receptors on post synaptic neuron
119
what happens once ACh binds to post synaptic neuron receptors in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
Na+ channels open --> depolarization
120
what is ACh broken down into after it binded to post synaptic neuron in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
acetate and choline
121
what happens to choline once ACh is broken down in an action potential in a cholinergic synapse
it's reabsorbed into axon terminal and is resynthesized to make ACh
122
what activates the SNARE complex
synaptotagmin
123
how do astrocytes regulate neurotransmitters
they metabolize them and release precursor back to neurons
124
what are postsynaptic potentials
graded potentials in response to a neurotransmitter
125
what is EPSP
graded potential caused by arrival of neurotransmitters
126
what is IPSP
graded hyperpolarization
127
what is released during inhibition of axoaxonic synapse
GABA
128
what does the release of GABA cause during inhibition of axoaxonic synapse
inactivation of Ca2+ channels
129
130
what are post synaptic potentials
graded potentials that respond to neurotransmitters
131
what is EPSP
graded depolarization caused by arrival of neurotransmitter
132
what is IPSP
graded hyperpolarization
133
what is released at the axoaxonic synapse during inhibition of presynaptic regulation
GABA
134
what does GABA being released for the axoaxonic synapse result in during inhibition of presynaptic regulation
inactivation of calcium channels
135
what is the result of less calcium in the presynaptic axon during inhibition of presynaptic regulation
less neurotransmitters
136
what is released at the axoaxonic synapse during facilitation of presynaptic regulation
serotonin
137
what does serotonin being released for the axoaxonic synapse result in during facilitation of presynaptic regulation
activation of calcium channels
138
what is the result of more calcium in the presynaptic axon during facilitation of presynaptic regulation
more neurotransmitters
139
what do each pair of spinal nerves monitor
regions of the body surface called dermatomes
140
what is the purpose of meninges
provide stability and shock absorption
141
what does the epidural space separate
dura matter from vertebral canal
142
what does the subarachnoid space contain
cerebrospinal fluid
143
what kind of tissue can be found in the epidural space
adipose tissue
144
what part of the spinal cord carries sensory input
posterior root
145
what part of the spinal cord carries motor output
anterior root
146
what is the function of grey matter
integrates info and initiates commands
147
what is the function of white matter
carries info from place to place
148
do reflexes produce the same motor response every time
yes
149
what is the reflex arc
sensory info goes through posterior root, and motor info goes out through anterior root
150
what is the sensory info sent once it enters the spinal cord (in the reflex arc)
CNS part of the brain
151
what causes the response in the reflex arc
effector
152
what type of reflex is stretch
monosynaptic
153
what is monosynaptic reflex
sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron
154
what type of reflex is tension
polysynaptic
155
what does a polysynaptic reflex use that a monosynaptic doesn't
interneuron
156
what sends a signal to the sensory neuron in a stretch reflex
distortion of receptor
157
where does the motor neuron send the signal to in a stretch reflex
motor unit
158
what happens when the motor unit receives a signal
muscle contraction
159
what kind of reflex is a spinal reflex
withdrawal
160
is a withdrawal reflex mono or polysynaptic
polysynaptic
161
what do the flexors and extensors do during a withdrawal reflex
flexors contract, extensors relax
162
what does the response of a withdrawal reflex depend on
intensity and location of stimuli
163
where is the body of a 1st order neuron located
posterior root ganglion
164
where is the cell body of the 2nd order neuron located
spinal cord
165
where does the 2nd order neuron span to
brain stem
166
what does the 2nd order neuron cross to
one side of the CNS to the opposite side
167
where does the 2nd order neuron connect to the 3rd order neuron
thalamus
168
where is the cell body of the 3rd order neuron located
thalamus
169
what does the 3rd order neuron connect to
primary somatosensory cortex
170
what is the spinothalamic pathway referred as
crude
171
what is the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway referred as
fine
172
what does the 2nd order neuron cross in the crude pathway
spinal cord
173
what does the 2nd order neuron descend into in the crude pathway
thalamus (hence the name spinothalamic)
174
what does the crude pathway detect
light pressure and pain
175
what does the 2nd order neuron cross in the fine pathway
brainstem
176
what does the 2nd order neuron descend into in the fine pathway
medial lemniscus
177
what does the fine pathway detect
fine touch, deep pressure (crosses deep in the brain)
178
what is brown-sequard syndrome (BSS)
lesions in the spinal cord
179
what does BSS result in
weakness on one side of the body and loss of sensation on the other side
180
what is the sensory homunculus a map of
primary somatosensory cortex
181
what is the sensory homunculus proportional to
density of neurons
182
what does the motor homunculus indicate
fine motor control available for specific regions of the body
183
what is the size of the hands, face, tongue in the motor homunculus
large
184
what is the size of the trunk in the motor homunculus
small
185
what kind of control is the autonomic nervous system
involuntary
186
what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PSNS)
187
what is longer, the PSNS or SNS
PSNS
188
what is the distance between the cell body and tissue in the SNS
far
189
what hormones are released during SNS activation
epinephrine and norepinephrine
190
what does epi or norepi bind to in the blood
GPCR (G- protein coupled receptors)
191
where is the cell body relative to target tissue in PSNS
adjacent
192
what hormone is released during PSNS activation
ACh
193
what kind of channels are ACh released onto
ligand-gated
194
what do autonomic neurons do
maintain background levels/regulatory effect
195
how is heart rate maintained via autonomic tone
ACh and norepinephrine are released continuously
196
what is G-alpha-s
subunit
197
what is G-alpha-i
subunit
198
what do G-alpha-a and i bind to
adenylyl cyclase
199
what effect is Ga-s
stimulatory
200
what effect is Ga-i
inhibitory
201
what does Ga-s do
excites adenylyl cyclase to form cAMP from ATP
202
what does Ga-i do
inhibits adenylyl cyclase and reduces cAMP levels
203
what does G-alpha-Q cause to happen
alpha subunit binds to PLC and causes PIP2 to split into IP3 and DAG
204
what happens once IP3 is formed from Gaq
binds to calcium and moves it into cytoplasm
205
what happens once calcium moves into cytoplasm
smooth muscle contracts
