Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Respiratory diseases - cattle 1&2 > Flashcards

Respiratory diseases - cattle 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define BRD

A

Bovine Respiratory Disease (this a complex rather than a specific disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs - BRD

A

pain –> welfare problem
death
poor/reduced growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the typical pattern of calf pneumonia?

A

consolidated cranioventral lung, normal caudodorsal lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What environmental features are implicated in calf pneumonia

A

housing, ventilation, stocking density, mixing, sharing air space with other ages, changes in weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What age does weaning occur in cows?

A

when they can eat enough concentrates (usually 1-1.2kg/day, usually at 50-80 days old)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calf factors implicated in calf pneumonia

A

colostrum (6L in first 12 hours), mixing, transport, home bred/purchased, nutrition, husbandry standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 syndromes of BRD

A

Chronic which may develop into acute form (Enzootic pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the respiratory signs of a calf with enzootic pneumonia (i.e. acute BRD)?

A

cough - dry or moist (often the first sign)

increased RR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What should you do for a general exam into a respiratory condition? 5

A
  1. listen (cough)
  2. Count RR (20-40 calves, 10-30 adults)
  3. air quality assessment
  4. ventilation
  5. stocking density
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Above what temperature should you be concerned for a calf and thus want to treat?

A

> 39.5 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Features of a respiratory exam into a respiratory condition

A
  • temperature (concerning if >39.5)
  • respiration (concerning if > 40bpm)
  • ausuclatation (both lung fields and trachea, i.e. 1,2,3)
  • discharge (oculo-nasal)
  • conjunctivitis
  • trachea pinch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 other names for enzootic pneumonia

A

acute pneumonia and viral pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline enzootic pneumonia pathogenesis

A

primary pathogen (virus/mycoplasma) –> damages RT –> secondary pathogen (bacteria) invades –> more substantial damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What bacteria are commonly implicated in enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • Mycoplasma (distemper, bovis, canis)
  • Ureaplasma spp.
  • M. haemolytica (A1 and A6)
  • P. multocida
  • A. pyogenes
  • H. somni
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which viruses are commonly implicated in enzootic pneumonia 5

A
  • PI3
  • BRSV
  • IBR
  • Bovine coronavirus
  • BVDV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which viruses are less commonly implicated in enzootic pneumonia? 6

A
  • Reovirus (1-3)
  • Adenovirus (1-4)
  • Rhinovirus 1
  • Enterovirus
  • PI2
  • Others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you manage a BRD outbreak?

A
  • treatment
  • environment
  • PME dead calves
  • ID pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When would metaphylaxis be appropriate for BRD?

A

if over 25% of a group of calves are affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 main tx options for enzootic pneumonia

A

ABs

NSAIDs (decrease temperature, decrease lung inflammation and pain relief)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define SPC

A

Summary of Product Characteristics.

This accompanies the datasheet nowadays with medicines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Risks of prolonged NSAID therapy

A

serious GIT damage (abomasal ulcers) and renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Follow up for enzootic pneumonia

A

Revisit (24-48 hours later)
Measure temp.
Decide on follow up tx
Ensure data sheet recommendation is followed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can the pathogen be identified?

A

Check with laboratory first of the methods for sampling:

  • BALV
  • Nasopharyngeal swab
  • Serology - paired clotted samples, 14-21 days apart, complicated by MAb
  • Faecal exam (Salmonella and parasites)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Outline BALV

A
  • pass thin tube, via nostril into trachea
  • flush with sterile saline (50ml)
  • immediately withdraw (10ml)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How long do paired serology results take?

A

4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can BRD be confirmed on PME? 3

A
  • Distribution of lung lesions (typically cranioventrally. RSV typically has a bulla appearance in the lung lobes but this is not pathognomonic)
  • Specific diagnostic tests on lung tissue
  • Histology
27
Q

Preventative measures - BRD - 5

A
  • Environment
  • Colostrum management
  • Buying in
  • Mixing
  • Consider vaccination (dams 3-4 weeks prepartum, calves 3-4 weeks before mixing)
28
Q

What causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1)

29
Q

CS - IBR/BHV-1

A
  • high temperatures
  • conjunctivitis
  • coughing
  • tracheitis (upon tracheal auscultation)
30
Q

Other than respiratory problems, what can BHV-1/2 cause?

A
  • Genital form:
    FEMALES - Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV), sporadic abortion
    MALES - Infectious Pustular Balanoposthitis
  • Ocular form (nasal and ocular discharges)
    Day 1-6: serous, pyrexia
    Day 6-11: mucopurulent
    Day 11+: purulent
  • Neurological form: encephalitis
31
Q

Outline the respiratory disease seen with IBR

A

Rhinitis, tracheitis and conjunctivitis which can progress to pneumonia.

32
Q

Outline BHV-1 Latency

A

Resides in the trigeminal ganglion (5) and this can last indefinitely. Can recrudesce (stress) and start shedding again after a very long period. You cannot reliably detect a latent infection as the animal may be sero-negative despite still carrying the infection therefore assume that all cattle from infected herds must be considered potentially infected/

33
Q

4 stages of IBR control

A
  1. know herd status
  2. biosecutiry
  3. vaccination
  4. eradication (?)
34
Q

How effective are IBR vaccines?

A

work well if in place before the natural exposure to the virus. Prevents respiratory disease and abortion. May reduce level of virus circulating int eh herd. May reduce excretion.

35
Q

What are the types of IBR vaccine? 3

A
  • MLV or dead/killed
  • IM or IN
  • Conventional or marker
36
Q

What does it mean if a vaccine is labelled POM-V?

A

Prescription Only Medicine - Veterinary. Therefore YOU are responsible for informing, training client to use correctly.

37
Q

Ouyline live vaccines doses broadly .

A

often only a single dose is needed. Young animals may need to 2 doses due to MDA

38
Q

How fast is immunity acquired from live vaccines?

A

rapidly (40-96 hours)

39
Q

Outline immunity from IN vaccines

A

local immunity (also IM vaccines)
Local produces local secretory IgA and IFN.
Often used in face of outbreak due to rapid protection (48 hours).
Careful administration essential due to nasal chamber

40
Q

Define DIVA

A

Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals

41
Q

What does DIVA require? 2

A
  1. marker vaccine

2. specific lab test

42
Q

Name 2 non-infectious causes of calf pneumonia

A
  • aspiration pneumonia

- calf diptheria

43
Q

Outline aspiration pneumonia

A
  • very severe
  • association with milk/liquid inhalation into LRT (commonest cause is stomach tubes)
  • poor prognosis
44
Q

What is another name for calf diphtheria

A

Necrotic laryngitis

45
Q

What causes calf diphtheria

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

46
Q

CS - calf diphtheria -5

A
  • Lesions - mouth, tongue, larynx
  • Halitosis - trapped food
  • Hypersalivation
  • Swollen cheeks and abscesses in this region
  • Increased respiratory noise (over larynx and trachea)
47
Q

Causes -calf diphtheria 2

A
  • mucosal injury (calves have sharp teeth, 1-4 months)

- poor hygiene of feeding equipment (tubes, coarse feeds)

48
Q

Tx - calf diphtheria

A
  • ABs - beta lactams

- Tracheostomy or surgery to debride lesions (severe)

49
Q

What causes BRD in older calves (weaned to up to 2 years old)?

A

Shipping Fever = Transit Fever = Pneumonic Pasteurellosis

50
Q

Outline Shipping Fever 4

A
  • Normally seen 10-30 days after transport
  • Sudden onset
  • CS = pyrexia, decreased appetite, increased RR and noise, grunting
  • Sudden death (PME essential)
51
Q

Pathogens implicated in Shipping Fever - 4

A
  • M. haemolytica
  • P. multocida
  • Various other bacteria and viruses
52
Q

What happens to the lungs in cases of Shipping Fever?

A

Severe and acute bronchopneumonia. can become chronic. serious welfare problem as lung damage is often so bad that permanent lung compromise is likely.

53
Q

What causes respiratory disease in adult cattle (i.e. > 2 years old)?

A

Fog fever = acute bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema = atypical interstitial pneumonia.

54
Q

Outline a presentation of fog fever

A
  • within 2 weeks of moving to lush rich autumn pastures

- up to 50% group affected

55
Q

Prognosis - fog fever

A
  • commonly fatal and difficult to treat
56
Q

Pathophysiology - fog fever

A

Lush pasture has high levels of l-tryptophan which forms indole acetic acid (IAA) in the rumen and this is converted to 3-methyl indole which is toxic to the lungs.

57
Q

CS - fog fever

A

Sudden onset

  • affects group
  • can be severe respiratory distress but individual variation
  • froths at mouth
  • may get distressed or die when attempt to move
  • SC emphysema (back and thorax)
58
Q

Tx - fog fever

A
  • remove from pasture immediately (care)

- Symptomatic - NSAIDs, diuretics, corticosteroids in emergencies (abortion risk)

59
Q

Prognosis - fog fever

A

guarded

60
Q

Prevention - fog fever - 5

A
  • restrict access to lush pastures
  • strip grazing
  • feed hay before and during initial period of new pasture
  • restrict access to 2 hours per day
  • avoid over-fertilising (especially autumn pasture)
61
Q

What is Bovine Farmer’s Lung?

A

= hypersensitivity following inhalation of allergens from moulds (Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris) usually from mouldy or poorly-made hay. Also seen in house cattle with poor ventilation

62
Q

Acute signs - Bovine farmer’s lung 3

A
  • mouth breathing
  • coughing
  • decreased milk yield
63
Q

Chronic signs - Bovine Farmer’s lung 2

A
  • weight loss

- coughing

64
Q

What ages can lungworm be significant in cattle?

A

all ages.

Respiratory (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions