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Respiratory > Signs of respiratory disease > Flashcards

Signs of respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

List signs of respiratory disease - 7

A 
Coughing and bronchoconstriction
Sneezing
Tachypnoea and hyperpnoea
Respiratory distress (dyspnoea)
Nasal discharge, epistaxis and haemoptysis
Cyanosis
Abnormal respiratory noise (stridor)
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2
Q

Define bronchoconstriction

A

constant component of cough but separate reflex. slower onset and longer lasting may increase efficiency of coughing

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3
Q

What 2 main drugs can target coughing?

A

Demulcents - to soothe irritant receptors

Opioid-R agonists - butorphanol, codeine

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4
Q

What is the neural basis of coughing?

A

Irritant receptors through tracheobronchial tree. Afferent input carried in vagus. Cental cough centre in brainstem. Efferent motor side: vagus, phrenic, intercostal, lumbar, trigeminal, facial hyoglossal and accessory nerves/

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5
Q

List stimuli for coughing - 7

A 
bronchoconsctriction
excessive mucous
inhaled particles
cold or hot air
intramural/extramural pressure
epithelial sloughng
enhanced epithelial permeability
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6
Q

Typical cough - upper airway problem

A

harsh, loud, non-productive

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7
Q

Typical cough - lower airway problem

A

soft, muted, productive

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8
Q

Typical cough - painful conditions

A

more muted cough

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9
Q

What else indicates a productive cough?

A

swallowing after coughing

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10
Q

Where does sneezing originate?

A

MM of nasal cavity

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11
Q

What is sneezing a sign of?

A

Nasal disorders (usually) or can be secondary to more distal disorders

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12
Q

Define tachypnoea

A

increased RR

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13
Q

Define hyperpnoea

A

increased RR and depth

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14
Q

Normal RR horse

A

8-15

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15
Q

Normal RR cow, sheep, pigs

A

10-30

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16
Q

Normal RR goats

A

25-35

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17
Q

Normal RR - foal and calf

A

20-40

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18
Q

Normal RR dog

A

10-30

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19
Q

Normal RR - cat

A

24-42

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20
Q

Normal RR - rabbit

A

30-60

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21
Q

Physiological causes - tachypnoea and hyperpnoea - 4

A

pain, exertion, heat, anxiety

22
Q

Pathological causes - tachypnoea and hyperpnoea

A 
high CO2
low pH
low O2
compensation (metabolic acidosis)
excessive environmental heat
damaged/diseased CNS (resp centres)
pain/restriction in breathing
23
Q

Define dyspnoea

A

subjective feeling (therefore should be humans only) of respiratory distress

24
Q

Define respiratory distress

A

laboured breathing, abnormal rate, rhythm and character, nostril flaring, exaggerated intercostal/abdominal effort, abducted elbows, stridor, anxious expression, inactivity.

SOME SPECIES (not horse) - extended head and neck, mouth breathing

25
Q

Broad causes - inspiratory distress

A

Extrathoracic non-fixed airway obstruction

Restrictive diseases

26
Q

What is an Extrathoracic non-fixed airway obstruction?

A

as negative pressures of inspiration suck them into airway (upper airway obstructions including laryngeal hemiplegia, soft palate disorders)

27
Q

Give an example of a restrictive disease

A

pleural effusion - limits lung expansion

28
Q

What is expiratory distress caused by? Example?

A

intra-thoracic airway obstruction - such as bronchoconstriction caused by RAO, farmer’s disease (cattle), tracheal collapse (dogs and horses)

29
Q

What are heaves lines?

A

in cases of chronic expiratory distress, body wall muscles hypertrophy and this becomes visible as heaves lines.

30
Q

What is combined inspiratory and expiratory distress caused by?

A

an extra-thoracic fixed obstruction (intraluminal mass, FB)

31
Q

Define orthopnoea

A

difficulty breathing whilst recumbent - pleural fluid accumulation, neonates (pliable ribs), diagphragmatic hernia, CHF

32
Q

How is nasal discharge characterised?

A 
Serous, mucoid, purulent, sanguinous
Combination
Ingested food/fluid
Scant-profuse
Continuous-intermittent
Unilateral-bilateral
33
Q

Where does unilateral nasal discharge tend to originate?

A

structures rostral to the caudal end of the nasal septum, although low volume discharges from lower in the RespT can be unilateral too.

34
Q

Where does bilateral nasal discharge tend to originate? 2

A

Caudal structures OR bilaterally affected rostral structures

35
Q

What does a foul odour of discharge indicate?

A

anaerobic infections, necrotising conditions, or connection to oral cavity - tooth root infections

36
Q

What may food/fluid indicate?

A

dysphagia or communication between oral and nasal cavities

37
Q

Define epistaxis

A

presence of blood in the external nares. Commonest cause in horses = tram

38
Q

Define haemoptysis

A

presence of blood in the sputum (i.e. coughed up blood).

39
Q

Causes - epistaxis and haemoptysis

A

Trauma
Coagulopathies
Erosive/invasive conditions
EIPH - equines

Look for accompanying signs - stridor (SOL), discharge (purulent or malodorous) and lung disease (cough or auscultate).

40
Q

Define cyanosis

A

blue discolouration - skin, conjunctivae, MM - i.e. reflection of RespT problem in the CVS

41
Q

How low does PaO2 have to fall for cyanosis?

A

<50mmHg

42
Q

When is cyanosis present?

A

Only if [Hb] is normal or near normal. Not with anaemia.

43
Q

Define polycythaemia

A

higher than normal [Hb]

44
Q

Whenare polycythaemic patients cyanotic?

A

at higher PaO2

45
Q

When can peripheral cyanosis occur?

A

poor peripheral perfusion (shock, HF).

46
Q

Define pulmonary cyansis

A

= hypoxaemia. (V/Q mismatch, alveolar hyperventilation, shunting, diffusion impairment)

47
Q

When does cardiac cyanosis occur?

A

shunting

48
Q

What is acquired cyanosis?

A

usually reducing chemical - e.g. acetaminophen, nitrates, red mapleleaf-methaemoglobin

49
Q

Define stridor. What should be determined?

A

abnormal, intense respiratory sound heard without a stethoscope. Determine if inspiratory OR expiratory.

50
Q

What is linked gait and respiration in horses?

A

expiration when leading forelimb contacts the ground(bt at trot, breathing and stride rate are independent)

51
Q

Causes - stridor. Examples?

A

Fixed or dynamic obstructions (laryngeal paralysis, stenotic/paralysed nares, nasal masses, soft palate elongation)

Respiratory (34 decks)

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