Section 6 Notes

Question 1

axons from the base of the pons go to the cerebellum via the

Answer 1

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 2

cranial nerves evident on the surface of the basis of the pons are

Answer 2

5, 6, 7, 8

Question 3

CN ___ pierces the middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 3

trigeminal

Question 4

what does the superior cerebellar peduncle carry?

Answer 4

axons from the cerebellum to the

1. brainstem
2. forebrain

Question 5

landmarks on the dorsal surface of the pons (floor of the 4th ventricle)

Answer 5

1. vestibular areas
2. facial colliculus (abduscens is below as well as the facial nucl;eus)

Question 6

landmarks of the transition to the medulla to the pons

Answer 6

1. pryamids disasppear
2. striated appearence of the basis of the pons (pyramidal tract still embedded here)

dorsally

1. vestibular nuclei
2. blending of the inferior cerebellar peduncle with white matter of the cerebelum

Question 7

the corticospinal axons form part of the ___ in the midbrain

Answer 7

crus cerebri

Question 8

what does the middle cerebellar receiveinput from

Answer 8

primarily the pontine nuclei, which receive input from the cerebral cortex

Question 9

the axons of the superior cerebellar peduncle arise from the

Answer 9

deep cerebellar nuceli

Question 10

_____ comprises much of the gore gray matter of the tegmentum

Answer 10

pontine reticular formation

Question 11

pontine reticular formation controls functions like

Answer 11

eye movements, sleep, arousal

Question 12

desribe the relationship to the absudcens and facial nuceli in the pons.

Answer 12

facial ncuelsu is more rostral and lateral but loops caudally around the abduscens forming the genu of the facial nerve (causes the bump or the facial colliculus)

Question 13

function of the reticular formaiton in the pons near trigeminal motor n.

Answer 13

invovled with chewing responses

Question 14

function of the reticular formaiton in the pons near facial nucleus

Answer 14

invovled with lip movements and facial expression

Question 15

function of the reticular formaiton in the pons near abduscens nculei

Answer 15

invovled in coordinating eye movement

Question 16

The raphe nuclei of the pons (serotonergic) project rostrally throughout the forebrain and modulate responses of___ and ___

Answer 16

hypothalamic and cerebral neurons.

Question 17

noradrenergic neurons within the pons send projections to the spinal cord and are involved in___ and ___

Answer 17

autonomic reflexes and pain sensation.

Question 18

where is the locus cereuleus located?

Answer 18

rostral pons and caudal midbrain

Question 19

___ contains melanin granules

Answer 19

locus cerulues

Question 20

what is the importance of locus ceruleus?

Answer 20

produce norepeinphrine

important for vigilance

important for responsive ness to unexpected stimuli in the environment

Question 21

projections from the locus ceruelus

Answer 21

to:

1. spinal cord
2. cerebral cortex
3. cerebelar cortex

Question 22

Approximately half of the second order neurons of cochlear nuclei

send axons across the midline, through the region containing the ____

Answer 22

medial lemniscus

Question 23

what is the trapezoidal body?

Answer 23

contains crossing auditory axons and the medial lemniscus

Question 24

auditory axons from the cochlear nuclei, no matter if they cross or not, synapse in the

Answer 24

supeiror olive and other auditory nuclei

Question 25

what does each lateral lemniscus carry?

Answer 25

auditory signals from both ears

Question 26

function of motor nucleus of cn 5? what does X cause?

Answer 26

control the muscles of the jaw X causes atrophy of ipsilateral jaw muscles. jaw deviates to the same side of the lesion

Question 27

Principa Sensory Nucleus of CN 5 function

Answer 27

processes epicritc from the face *(unlike the spinal trigem in medulla which gets pain and temp)*

Question 28

input of the mtoor nculeus of 5

Answer 28

mesencephalic tract of CN 5 carries proprioceptive info from the mesenepahlic nulceus of 5 in the pons

Question 29

e mesenepahlic nulceus of 5 sends information to the cerebellum via the

Answer 29

reticular formation

Question 30

medial lemniscus tract terminates in the

Answer 30

vpl

Question 31

ALS terminates in the

Answer 31

1. some in the reticular formaiton 2. some in the periaqueductal gray 3. vpl and intralaminar nuclei and others

Question 32

pyramidal tract leaves the cortex via the

Answer 32

posterior limb of the internal capsule

Question 33

where do corticobulbar axons cross?

Answer 33

cross right at their target nuclei (not at the decussations)

Question 34

sx of MLF X

Answer 34

a horizontal nystagmus or a loss of conjugate horizontal eye movements

Question 35

paramedian pontine reticular formation is located in the

Answer 35

reticular formaiton of the pons

Question 36

paramedian pontine reticular formation is involved in

Answer 36

conjugate horizontal eye movements

Question 37

3 output of the vestibular nuclei

Answer 37

1. CN that move eyes: 3,4,6 2. spinal cord -- vestibulospinal tracts (maintain posture) 3. cerebellum -- via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 38

ROmberg's sign what is it what causes it

Answer 38

loss of balance more proncounced when patients eyes are closed seen with vestibular nuclei damage in the pons

Question 39

what is innervated by the facial nucleus in the pons

Answer 39

the facial muscles, the stapedius, auricularis, and stylohyoid muscles and the posterior belly of the digastric.

Question 40

X facial nucelus in the pons

Answer 40

1. paralysis of ipsilateral facial muscles 2. drying of cornea due to loss of parasymps of lacrimal 3. loss of corneal reflex 4. painful sensitivity to sound due to weakness of stapedius

Question 41

lesions to corticobulbar axons projecting to the facial nucleus

Answer 41

contralateral facial paralysis below the forehead

Question 42

describe the spinal nucleus and tract in the medulla vs pons

Answer 42

in the medulla: pain and temp from face on same side **pons: carry epicritic from the face**

Question 43

function of the princeipal nucleus of cn 5

Answer 43

epicritic of head and neck

Question 44

epicritc sensation from head and neck pathway from the CN 5 entering the pons

Answer 44

synapses in the **principal sensory nucelus of cn 5** travels cross midline trigeminothalamic axons travel to **medial lemniscus** termiantes in the **VPM**

Question 45

principal sensory nucelus of cn 5 ## Footnote X symptoms

Answer 45

loss of vibration, position sense, and reduced sens eof touch on the ispialteral side of face

Question 46

X of motor ncuelus fo CN 5

Answer 46

- jaw juts sideways when protruded - paraylsis of ipsilateral muscles of masticaiton

Question 47

inferioer cerebellum carries info from the

Answer 47

spinal cord and medulla

Question 48

pontine neurons relay information to the ____ middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 48

contralaterla

Question 49

\_\_\_\_ is the main outflow of the cerebellum

Answer 49

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 50

axons from the superior cerbellar peduncle arise from the \_\_\_

Answer 50

deep cerebelllar ncueli

Question 51

axons from the superior cerbellar peduncle arise (from the deep cerebellar nuclei) then go to the

Answer 51

tegmentum of the pons then most ross in the decussation of the superior peducnles

Question 52

targets of the axons from the superior cerbellar peduncle after crossing in the decussation of the superio cerbellar peduncel?

Answer 52

1. reticular formation 2. red nculeus (midbrain) 3. ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

Question 53

input of the deep crebellar nuclei

Answer 53

mostly form the cortex

Question 54

output of the deep cerebellar ncueli

Answer 54

brainstem

Question 55

medial deep crebellar ncueli

Answer 55

fastigial and globose

Question 56

lateral deep cerebellar ncueli

Answer 56

emboliform and dentate

Question 57

\_\_\_\_ deep cerebellar receive a bulk of connectiosn from AXIAL RELATED STRUCTURES

Answer 57

medial (fastigial and globose)

Question 58

\_\_\_\_ deep cerebellar receive a bulk of connectiosn from APPENDICULAR RELATED CONTROL

Answer 58

EMBOLLIFORM AND DENTATE

Question 59

midline parts of the cerebellum include the

Answer 59

vermis and flocculus

Question 60

lateral pathology of the cerebeluum is located in the

Answer 60

hesmipheres

Question 61

The cerebellum has no direct connections to cranial nerve nuclei or the spinal cord. the right cerebellar projections are to the vestibular nuclei which affect the ____ side of the body

Answer 61

right * cerebellar information about the right side of the body is sent to the left red nucleus and left VA and VL nuclei in the thalamus. The left red nucleus is the origin of the rubrospinal tract, which crosses *

Question 62

what nuclei are in the pons

Answer 62

cranial nerves -- 1. abduscnes 2. facial nuclei 3. motor part of trigem 4. principal sensory of trigem 5. vestibular nulcei. 6. spinal nucleus of trigem (carry epicritc) other -- 6. pontine reticular formation nuclei 7. superior olivary n.

Question 63

what major tracts run through the pons?

Answer 63

1. medial lemniscus - carry epicritic from opposite side of the body (crosses in medulla) 2. ALS 3. pyramidal tracts 4. corticobulbar and cortciopontine tracts - to ponhtine nuclei or other nuclei 5. MLF