slide 2, lecture

Question 1

unifying concepts of biology

Answer 1

cell theory, evolution, and genetics

Question 2

in single celled organisms, all functions of life are

Answer 2

all functions of life are carried out in that once cell

Question 3

multi-celled organisms

Answer 3

cells have a unique structural and functional roles to the whole of an organism

Question 4

all animal cells are what kind of cell

Answer 4

eukaryotic

Question 5

eukaryotic cells are

Answer 5

are cells with genetic material contained within a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 6

prokaryotic cells are

Answer 6

bacteria cells which also contain genetic material (similar to eukaryotic cells), but no nucleus

Question 7

difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

eukaryotic are cells containing a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not

Question 8

plasma membrane function

Answer 8

regulates the exchange of nutrients across the cell surface

Question 9

where is the phospholipid found + function, label top to bottom

Answer 9

major component in the cell membrane, helps to regulate exchange of nutrients in and out of he cell

Question 10

cytoplasm defintion and function

Answer 10

gel like medium contained within plasma membrane in which organelles are suspended, job is to hold organelles within the cell and protect them from damage

Question 11

nucleus function and definition

Answer 11

double layered plasma membrane
- houses DNA
- site of transcription
(DNA to RNA)

Question 12

the endoplasmic reticulum branches out from the ___________ _________

Answer 12

nuclear membrane

Question 13

features of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

• surface has ribosomes
• site of protein synthesis

Question 14

features of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

• surface lacks ribosomes
• site of lipid synthesis

Question 15

what structure receives proteins from the ER

Answer 15

golgi apparatus

Question 16

what structure sorts, folds, cuts/splices, and/or adds carbohydrates to the structure

Answer 16

golgi apparatus

Question 17

what structure packages finished proteins vesicles, transports vesicles where needed

Answer 17

golgi apparatus

Question 18

what structure contains enzymes that aid breakdown of material (ex: bacteria, damaged or infected host cell)

Answer 18

lysosomes

Question 19

what structure keeps enzymes safely enclosed until needed

Answer 19

lysosomes

Question 20

what structure is the site of cellular metabolism, and is in charge of ATP production

Answer 20

the mitochondria

Question 21

what structure creates chemical energy that fuels organisms using aerobic resparation

Answer 21

the mitochondria

Question 22

what structure separates genome indicating endosymbiosis w/ bacteria

Answer 22

the mitochondria

Question 23

_________ is a network of fiber like proteins in cytoplasm

Answer 23

cytoskeleton

Question 24

what structure is structural and mechanical support, cell shape

Answer 24

cytoskeleton

Question 25

what structure facilitates movement of organelles and genetic material

Answer 25

cytoskeleton

Question 26

described as "selective gatekeeper" and manages what goes in and out of the cell through - diffusion - carrier mediated transport - endocytosis

Answer 26

cell membrane

Question 27

diffusion is the

Answer 27

movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Question 28

Osmosis is the

Answer 28

diffusion of water molecules

Question 29

movement of water across the membrane is

Answer 29

osmosis

Question 30

3 types of cells during osmosis

Answer 30

-hypertonic / hyperosmotic - isotonic / isomotic - hypotonic / hypoosmotic

Question 31

cell in osmosis that has high water, and no solutes, leading to them swelling and bursting

Answer 31

hypotonic / hypoosmotic

Question 32

cell in osmosis that has low water, and high solutes which causes the cells to loose water, shrivel, and shrink

Answer 32

hypertonic / hyperosmotic

Question 33

what cell in osmosis has equal concentrations of water and solutes

Answer 33

isotonic / isosmotic

Question 34

the process of one mother cell dividing into two identical daughter cells is

Answer 34

mitosis

Question 35

humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

Answer 35

23

Question 36

humans have ___ chromatids in total

Answer 36

46

Question 37

the centromere

Answer 37

connects two chromatids together

Question 38

nucleic acids form

Answer 38

DNA

Question 39

DNA forms

Answer 39

genes

Question 40

genes form

Answer 40

chromsomes

Question 41

in DNA replication, DNA helicase is a

Answer 41

enzyme that "unzips" DNA

Question 42

in DNA replication, DNA polymerase function is to

Answer 42

"reads" open strand of DNA - adds complementary base pairs

Question 43

mitosis cell division phases

Answer 43

interphase prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis

Question 44

what's the longest stage of mitosis

Answer 44

interphase

Question 45

how many chromatids are there in the G1 phase of interphase

Answer 45

1 chromatid per chromosome

Question 46

what happens during the s stage of interphase

Answer 46

DNA replication

Question 47

how many chromatids per chromosome in the G2 phase of interphase

Answer 47

there are 2 chromatids per chromosome

Question 48

during this phase of the cell cycle the nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense forming recognizable shape, spindles form

Answer 48

prophase

Question 49

during this cell phase, chromosome line up to form the metaphase plate, centromeres on spindle fibers "equator" of cell

Answer 49

metaphase

Question 50

during this cell phase, spindle fibers contract, pulls sister chromatids apart, the chromatids then move to opposite poles of the cell

Answer 50

anaphase

Question 51

during this cell phase, spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane re-forms, chromosomes de-condense

Answer 51

telophase

Question 52

during this cell phase, the cell divides into 2 identical separate cells

Answer 52

cytokinesis

Question 53

cellular death is referred to as

Answer 53

apoptosis

Question 54

apoptosis is, and is necessary because

Answer 54

cell death, necessary for continued health and development

Question 55

moving molecules across the cell membrane that cannot freely diffuse is ___________________

Answer 55

carrier mediated transport

Question 56

moving molecules against a concentration gradient is __________________

Answer 56

carrier mediated transport

Question 57

movement of nutrients and other things across the cell membrane that requires transport proteins (chaperone) and ATP energy is ____________________

Answer 57

carrier mediated transport

Question 58

an energy dependent pathway that combines a chemical reaction with a diffusion process

Answer 58

carrier mediated transport

Question 59

define endosymbiosis

Answer 59

two organisms living together with one inside the other

Question 60

define endocytosis

Answer 60

ingestion of material by cell

Question 61

what are the 3 kinds of endocytosis (and definition of endocytosis)

Answer 61

is the ingestion of material by cell 1. phagocytosis - cellular eating, invaginates around food 2. pinocytosis - cellular drinking, invaginates around liquid that contain enzymes and nutrients 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis - receptor proteins on membrane surface bind to

Question 62

define phagocytoses

Answer 62

- Cellular eating - Membrane folds around item, engulfs it, lysomes fuse to facilitate breakdown

Question 63

define pinocytosis

Answer 63

cellular drinking, invaginates around fluid that contains nutrients and particles

Question 64

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 64

the cell has receptors proteins that attach to specific molecules, signals invagination

Question 65

define exocytosis

Answer 65

the cell exports material from inside the cell to outside the cell// the opposite of endocytosis

Question 66

cytoskeleton function

Answer 66

1. spatially organizes the contents of the cell 2. it connects the cell physically and biochemically to the external environment 3. generates coordinated forces that enable the cell to move and change shape

Question 67

what are the 4 chemical bases found in DNA

Answer 67

1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) 3. Cytosine (C) 4. Thymine (T)

Question 68

what is the cell membrane bilayer composed of

Answer 68

Amphipathic phospholipids create bilayer