Social influence and antisocial behavior

Question 1

What makes us select groups

Answer 1

• gender
• age
• ethnicity
• sports
• behaviors (active selection and selection by default)

Question 2

Repulsion

Answer 2

Aversion for dissimilar peers
–> similarity enhanced by the tendency to dislike dissimilar others, thus narrowing the pool of friendship options to those who share more resemblances

Question 3

Socialization processes

Answer 3

• peer contagion or social influence
• increasing similarity in behaviors, emotions, cognitions, etc. through repeated interactions
• dark side of friendship
• imition of behavior (visible and social rewards)

Question 4

Kandal (1978)
–> socialization processes

Answer 4

• balancing through adjusting behavior and/or friendship
• ‘homophily’ in behavior and attitude: predictor of interpersonal attraction
• dissimilar friendships dissolved faster
• aslo: more contact lead to more similarity

Question 5

Similarity attraction

Answer 5

• select similar peers/friends
• become more similar to peers

Question 6

Social influence

Answer 6

• e.g. deviancy training
• imitating through reinforcement
• ‘deviant talk’

Question 7

Network data

Answer 7

Mapping and assessing relationships, information ‘flow’ and dependencies between individuals or actors (groups, companies, countries)
- dyadic analysis
- ego networks
- ‘round robin’ design
- complete networks versus incomplete networks

Question 8

Ego networks

Answer 8

Individual reports about (characteristics and) relationships of others and their relationships

Question 9

‘Round robin’ design

Answer 9

Each individual reports about every individual in the network

Question 10

Longitudinal social network analysis

Answer 10

Looks at indirect influence, direct influence and social selection over different times

Question 11

Antisocial behavior and adolescence

Answer 11

• increase in antisocial behavior
• increase in time spent with peers

Question 12

Increase in antisocial behavior

Answer 12

• age-crime curve
• ‘maturity gap’
• social status processes, larger rewards antisocial behavior

Question 13

Increase in time spent with peers

Answer 13

• more exposure, to a larger, more heterogeneous group
• social mimicry (social learning)
• increased sensitivity to social stimuli

Question 14

General changes in youths

Answer 14

Changes in personality
- dark personality traits (dirty dozen)
- increases in adolescence
- peak in young adukthood
- decreases in later adulthood

Question 15

Social dynamics of antisocial behavior

Answer 15

Social selection vs. social influence
- many studies concerned with addressing this question
- focus on (late) childhood and adolescence
- mixed findings across different forms of antisocial behavior
–> longitudinal social network analysis

Question 16

Review of the literature

Answer 16

• 32 studies that used (R)Siena
• major insight: differences between outcomes and time span between longitudinal measures
• moderatirs of social selection and influence: indivudal (personality, cognitions self-esteem) and contextual (parenting, social norms, social status)

Question 17

Psychopathic personality

Answer 17

• interpersonal grandiose-manipulative
• callous-unemotional
• impulsive-irresponsible
• links to antisocial behavior
• how about their social position

Question 18

Contrasting views

Answer 18

A: checkley 1976
B: meta

Question 19

Cleckley 1976

Answer 19

• psychopathic traits linked to social rejection and isolation
• leading a life of solitude
  –> adolescents with psychopathic traits socially isolated

Question 20

Meta viewpoint B

Answer 20

• adolescents with high psychopathic traits not rejected by peers
• have close friendship and form close-knit social networks with peers
  –> adolescents with psychopathic traits socially central

Question 21

Interaction effects

Answer 21

• grandiose-manipulatice traits
• callous-unemotional traits

Question 22

The role of spouses, partners, and lovers

Answer 22

Traditionally, a focus on ‘turning points’
- desistance
- in line with Moffit’s dual taxonomy
- higher costs of offending
–> more recently, negative social influences of romantic parnters (similar to peer influence effects)

Question 23

The effects of spouses

Answer 23

Typically related to desistance, unless..
- partner has a criminal record
- relationships are short in duration
- you’re a woman
- you’ve committed an awful lot of offenses
–> similarity between partners, in particular female offenders. Sometimes due to default selection

Question 24

Similar to peer influences

Answer 24

• similarity attraction
• social learning
• status-concerns
• need to belong
• sometimes clear rewards
• lack of social support supervising partner selection

Question 25

What's the attraction

Answer 25

Lack of alternatives - less dating-market value - limited pool of dating partners Pressured into offending - co-offending - exploited by male criminal partner - forced into ciminal behavior

Question 26

Blancing status and affection needs

Answer 26

Increasing overlap between circles of interaction in adolescence - statu and affection needs satisfied in the same group - aggression more risky strategy for status needs --> link between status and agression may change during adolescence/lifespan - interplay between status and affection need

Question 27

Workplace aggression

Answer 27

- status goals were unrelated to aggression in the work context - status goals did not interact with affection goals - weaker affection goals associated with more workplace agression

Question 28

Intimate partner violence

Answer 28

- both status goals and affection goals unrelated to psychological aggression and conflict negotiation strategies - affection goals did not moderate association status goals and IPV

Question 29

Conclusion social influence and antisocial behavior

Answer 29

- direct agression lower in those with weak status goals and strong affection goals - product of the balance between social goals, for better of worse - consequences for social dynamics in antisocial behavior