Social Psych Flashcards
(94 cards)
0
Q
What is the halo effect?
A
Raters opinion of one characteristic is affected by the quality of the subject on a different characteristic.
Ie. attractive people are smart
Neatly written essay gets higher grade on content than messy one.
1
Q
Reactance describes? A. Behavior inhibits tx B. undesirable thoughts/behaviors C. Refuse to comply w suggestion D. Turn on self what want others to do
A
- Reactance occurs when ppl feel pressured by a message and increase their resistance to persuasion.
Response 1 is resistance.
Response 4 is retroflection–gestalt boundary disturbance
2
Q
What is the Barnum effect?
A
Tendency to agree with vague descriptions that apply to them, such as a horoscope.
3
Q
What is the rosenthal effect?
A
Also called self fulfilling prophecy. Expters inject their bias into expt so it fulfills their ho.
Also called experimental expectancies.
4
Q
Ainsworth would say that avoidant babies respond how to their mothers in the strange situation?
A
They do not seek closeness.
Rarely cry when she leaves and ignores her upon return.
5
Q
Kahneman and tverskys loss aversion a model says what about decisions?
A
More affected by desire to avoid losses than desire to make gains. Bias results I decisions that aren’t objectively the best.
6
Q
Sue and sue’s racial/cultural identity developmental model says ct more comfortable with his race and less with others is likely in:
- Dissonance
- Introspection
- Conformity
- Immersion
A
Conformity..stage 1…prefer dominant culture and may adopt negative view of their own and other minorities.
Dissonance..awareness that not all dominant values are good and question it
Resistance and immersion..
Identifies with minority grp and rejects dominant culture.
Introspection..starts to find level of negative feeling toward majority is draining. And some of majority is desire able.
7
Q
What is the actor observer bias?
A
Ppl make dispositional attributions about observed behavior in others but situational attributions about self.
(Vs fundamental attribution error..others behavior due to internal trait not situational)
Vs self serving bias…own successes due to internal factors
Own Failures due to external factors
8
Q
What is groupthink and what types of groups lend itself to it?
A
Members suspend their independent judgement , favoring unanimity. Tends to occur in highly cohesive groups with autocratic leaders.
Different than group polarization when individuals become more extreme in their views after joining a grp of like minded ppl.
Social facilitation…perform better on easy tasks when being observed.
9
Q
Pt didn’t get promotion and says stupid mgmt can’t see her talent. This is best described as:
- Emic
- Etic
- Alloplastic
- Autoplastic
A
Alloplastic….reactions to stress trying to change external environment or blame external environment.
Auto plastic…stress rx involving trying to blame oneself or change oneself.
Some theorists day personality disorder ppl use alloplastic defenses and neurotic use autoplastic defenses.
10
Q
Intern follows a staff psychologists advice on case is using what type of power? Follows clinic director? Supervisor? A. Legitimate B. expert C. Referent D. Coercive
A
C role model so referent
Legitimate…top dog
Coercive..maybe for sup
11
Q
What is the difference between self serving bias, fundamental attribution error, wieners theory, and self perception theory?
A
Fundamental attribution error…explain others failures by attributing to internal causes
Self serving bias…attributions ppl make when they succeed or fail
Internal factors when succeed
External factors when fail
Wieners. Stability and instability of internal and external factors
Self perception theory..look outside self when don’t know cause of a behavior.
12
Q
40 yr. old man has 20 yr old unattractive partner. What explains? Matching theory Similarity hypothesis Long distance relationship Reciprocity hypothesis
A
- People like those who like them
Matching is people of equal attractiveness select ea other
Similarity ho…select similar in age, race, religion etc..
13
Q
What is the Hawthorne effect?
A
Associated with a change in behavior due to being observed.. Originally studying the physical and environmental aspects of workplace on productivity. It increased in all instances because being observed..
14
Q
Which theory would job enrichment be a valuable intervention?
A
Reinforcement theory
Expectancy theory
Two factor theory
Equity theory
- Enrichment is expanding jobs give greater role, giving possible motivators and satisfiers. Increase autonomy, authority, and encourages taking challenging tasks.
Vrooms expectancy theory days ppl behave based on perceived expectancy that certain rewards follow.
Equity …ratio of self inputs/self outcomes vs others. Based on comparison theory.
15
Q
The definition of social psychology:
Founders?
A
Effects of social stimuli on individuals. Scientific study of how feelings, thoughts and behaviors are influenced by social stimuli (groups, norms, presence of others in real or imagined ways, and past social intx).
Founders:
Sherif..showed possible to rigorously study such stuff.
Conformity and cooperation.
Lewin..first study how internal and external factors influence behavior.
Field theory
16
Q
Lewins field theory:
- Analysis of conflict situations. Person has need which arouse tension so person moves toward or away from a goal object.
- Based on assumption that behavior is a fx of the intx between person and environment.
- Conflicts exist in life space (psychological environment in the present or all possible events that influence a person) when forces directing person toward or away from goals are opposite in direction and about equal strength.
- Conflicts in opposite direction of different strength.
- Person moves toward goals w positive valence and away when negative or threaten needs.
A
All but 4 is correct
17
Q
Describe lewins 3 types of conflicts in field theory.
Ps zeigarnik effect was born out of field theory. 68% unfinished puzzle like problems remembered; 43% finished remembered. Interrupting in middle of task leaves them in disequilibrium. To reduce ppl want to complete task. Varys w amt ego involved in the task.
A
Approach approach..between 2 positive goals of about equal attractiveness. Ambivalent at first. Move to one and it becomes more attractive and other less attractive.
Avoidance avoidance..between 2 negative valence alternatives.
If possible to leave the field or away from both goals this is the choice.
If not, vacillate and find equilibrium.
Ie. don’t quit job but more sick days. May find a way to do lesser of two evils. Talk to boss and solve a few probs.
Approach avoidance…drawn to and repelled by same situation.
Find equilibrium. (Miller later studied w rats. Rats stopped at equilibrium pt. But may change as approach goal, strength of response and avoidance response increases. However, avoidance gradient is steeper so it becomes stronger).
18
Q
Ct trapped in boring job. If leave can’t support self. Initial response is:
Find new job
Commit to making a decision
Sign new contract at work
Vacillate between leaving job and staying
A
D. Avoidance avoidance conflict. Will attempt to leave the field or avoid a choice at all. if not possible initially vacillates between two. After vacillate equilibrium equidistant will be reached.
19
Q
Bems self perception theory holds:
- Rewarding ppl for an enjoyable activity undermines their interest in the activity
- We evaluate our opinions by comparing ourselves to similar ppl
- When internal cues are weak or hard to interpret, we infer them by observing our behavior and the situation.
- Ppl get validation for their self concept even when it is negative.
A
- Over justification hypothesis
If rewarded for behavior was previously intrinsically motivated, behavior becomes over rewarded and intrinsic loses its power and not perceived as enjoyable. Basis is self perception theory..see self doing behavior for enjoyable activity for reward then see selves doing it for the reward. - Social comparison theory
When objective info not available we compare to SIMIlAR others. Those w low self esteem or feel threatened compare to others but often less successful ppl. - Correct!
- Self verification theory
20
Q
The fundamental attribution error is:
- We attribute our success to personal factors and failures to situational factors.
- When explaining our behavior, make situational attributions.
- Blame others for their own misfortune bc get what we deserve.
- Tend to underestimate the impact of situations and overestimate personal factors when describing others behavior.
A
- Self serving bias
- Actor observer effect
- Belief in just world
- Fundamental attribution error
21
Q
Schachter and singer did the epinephrine study. They found:
- Support for the two factor theory of emotion
- Informed subjects took on feelings of confederates (happy if they were, angry if they were)
- Uninformed subjects took on feelings of confederates.
- Shows self perception theory is wrong.
A
- True..to experience a specific emotion the person must first experience physiological arousal (due to epinephrine) and then make a cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
- Wrong
- Yep!
- Wrong. Shows support because when the reasons for arousal were ambiguous, observed own behavior and external environment to interpret feelings.
22
Q
Social comparison theory (festiger) indicates what we do when Not sure about our abilities and opinions. We:
- Compare to ppl higher status than us.
- Downward comparison..to those inferior to us.
- To those similar to us in relevant ways.
- Confirm self concept…positive or negative by comparing.
A
- No
- Yes if our self esteem is at stake we look to those less successful. Happens when feel threatened, when negative characteristic is subject to self eval, and w ppl who have low s esteem.
- Correct
- Self verification theory…ppl need and seek to confirm their self concept, pos or negative. Strategies such as selective intx (those who confirm and avoid those who don’t).
23
Q
How is self verification theory applied to depression?
- If find confirm negative, motivated to attend to, recall, and believe it.
- Ppl more satisfied w and intimate in self verifying relationships
- Women are more depressed bc they act in line w gender stereotypes.
- Depressed ppl seek more negative feedback and more rejected by others as compared to non depressed.
A
- True
- True
- Social role theory…men and women confirm gender stereotypes bc the diff roles they perform place diff social demands on them. They behave differently in social situations along gender lines.
- This exacerbates depressive sx.
24
Results of the study on speeches regarding the fundamental attribution error.
Underestimate impact of situations and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining the behavior of others.
Fundamental attribution error doesn't apply to our own behavior
(That is actor observer bias).
Infer attitudes of speeches students wrote by free choice or assigned.
Believed represented true opinions even when knew assigned. Even when they were the ones who assigned the speech topics!
Focus on person and not the situation.
We often are wrong. Most ppl respond based on the situation regardless of personality traits.
25
What is the exception to the actor observer effect when looking at our own successes?
1. Fundamental attribution error
2. Three dimensional taxonomy for successes and failures
3. Locus of control
4. Self serving bias
1. About others behavior ( due to personality).
2. weiner's attribution theory of motivation and emotion
3. Rotters trait continuum that describes extent individual believed life events are under control of self (internal) or external forces
4. Correct! The actor observer effect is our own behaviors due to external factors instead of internal ones. However, when looking at our own successes we r more likely to make dispositional attributions. Failures or negative consequences we still hold to actor observer bias that due to situation. So take credit for successes but blame situational factors for failures.
Not universal. Depressed ppl or w low self esteem. Successes due to external factors and failures internal.
26
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Weiner's attributional theory has to do with success and failure. The three dimensional taxonomy is:
Internal/external
Stable/unstable
Global/specific
Controllable/uncontrollable
```
Global/specific wasn't added until later.
Added with intentional/unintentional
Attributions thought of as intentional and specific..most pride
Negative behaviors attributed to specific and intentional...most blame, shame and guilt.
Controllable dimension similar to rotters locus of control . Hi internal locus view selves as cause.
Hi internals more achievement oriented and confident, less anxious, suspicious, and dogmatic.
27
Sue developed a theory with internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility that are influenced by ethnic and racial identity. Four combos are:
Internal control, internal responsibility...success or failure due to own efforts or abilities. Don't understand other cultures great if tx.
Internal control, external responsibility..able shape own life but external barriers exist (discrimination). Minorities here more cs of own identity and are active and want ax from tx.
External control, internal responsibility..marginalized ppl feel little control over fate yet deny racism and blame self for plight. Culturally sensitive tx help understand political forces.
External control, external responsibility...little controls over life and blame system. Tx teach coping , arrange success, validate
28
What is the cause of the hostile attribution hypothesis?
Deficits in social information processing
Paranoid personality
Familial transmission
A. Less accurate at interpreting the intentions of others and more likely to attribute hostile intent
29
Connect these terms from impression formation to their definitions:
1. Weigh negative info more heavily than positive when evaluate others
2. Tendency to seek, interpret, and create info that verifies our beliefs
3. Tend to overestimate the degree others conform to us in terms of opinions, behaviors, attributes
4. Existence of certain trait dimensions that to us are associated w many other characteristics
5. Tendency to place greater emphasis on first impressions than later info that is learned.
1. Trait negativity bias
2. Confirmation bias. Pseudo pt study. Out expectations can then have self fulfilling prophecy. Ie. study of random kids told verge breakthrough. Their iq went up up to 30 pts. Pygmalion effect.
3. False consensus bias. Judges made hypothetical decisions on how peers would judge cases. No matter how ruled. Thought colleagues would rule the same.
4. Central traits
5. Primacy effect. Early presented info persists even w later opposing evidence. List of traits. If positive first then pos impression. If negative trait at the end and read reverse then negative impression. If warned not to jump to conclusion or intervening irrelevant activity occurs more recent info is likely to have impact.
30
What is the mum effect?
Tendency to keep quiet about undesirable messages or reluctance to provide negative feedback.
Bad news is transmitted less frequently.
Messenger had emotional stress
Predicated on fear of bein infected by distress or having to assume emotional state congruent w bad news.
31
Clarify terms
Stereotype
Prejudice
Discrimination
1. Cognitive belief associate grps of people w traits
2. Neg feelings abt person based only on grp membership
3. Behavior directed against persons due to identification w grp
32
Most believe that prejudice and discrimination have multiple causes that is strongly internalized and interventions done have immediate impact. Discuss the theories re causes of prejudice.
1. Authoritarian personality
1. Developed fascism scale to measure authoritarian traits. More likely to be prejudice.
2. Prejudice is an outgrowth of the drive to enhance our own self esteem (comes from personal and social Identity which includes grps we belong to). Perceptions alone can cause discrimination. Categorize ingrp and outgrp and act of categorizing causes conflict and discrimination.
33
Reducing inter group hostility noted in some studies:
1. Robbers cave study
2. Jigsaw classroom
3. Doll study
4. Contact hypothesis
1. Intro subordinate goals that required cooperation reduced hostility. Sherif thought prejudice comes from conflict...hostility when both groups want same thing but only one can have it.
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2. Cooperation. Mixed class and have to teach ea other subtopics.
Kids in this class..less prejudiced, liked school more, higher self esteem.
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3. 2/3 black kids preferred play white doll vs one like them. Said brown dolls looked bad and white ones nice.
1/3 picked white doll when asked to pick one that looked like them.
This used in Brown vs Topeka board of Ed re desegregation in schools.
4. Under certain conditions, contact w hostile grps reduce stereotyping, prejudice,...
Supported but contact alone not enough.
34
What are the conditions needed to decrease hostile grps?
Contact between equal status grps
Involves personal contact between 2
Provides opportunities for mutual cooperative activity to achieve joint goal.
Social norms must favor and encourage cooperation, group equality and intergrp contact.
Failing to meet these conditions blames for failure if desegregation.
35
The stereotype content model posits:
1. Hate is too simplistic
2. Prejudice is same that impacts male/female relations
3. Status of groups and nature of interdependence...competitive or cooperative determine content of stereotypic beliefs, quality of emotions, kind of behavior to out group.
All
36
What does the ambivalent sexism theory hold?
1. Hostile sexism
2. Benevolent sexism
1. Adversarial view of gender relations where women viewed negatively..competitive and seeking to control men.
2. Benevolent sexism...rewards women for conforming to patriarchal status quo and characteristizing them as pure, to be protected and adored.
Both are present around the world and promote gender inequality.
37
Research on sexual harassment found:
1. Both genders view sexual harassment judgements the same.
2. Severe sexual harassment judged worse by men.
3. Mild to moderate sexual harassment judged worse by women.
4. Sexually ambiguous behaviors judged by both as harassment.
3. Correct!
Equal in severe cases
Females more likely to rate mild and moderately severe or sexually ambiguous behaviors as harassment.
38
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Weiner's theory of attribution we are more likely to feel guilty about negative behavior that we attribute to:
Internal, global, uncontrollable
External, specific, controllable
Internal, specific, controllable
Internal, global, controllable
```
C
39
Public housing complex ppl divided on ethnic lines. Reduce hostility:
1. Find common enemy
2. Equal status contact and super ordinate goal
3. Move ppl so different ethnic grps intx
4. Discussion grp on cooperation
2. Contact hypothesis....contact can reduce hostility if conditions met...
Equal status
Shared goals
Personal contact between individuals of ea group
Existence if social norms that favor cooperation nd equality
40
Anxiety and affiliation.
High fear subjects chose to wait with others.
Preferred to wait with highly anxious subjects.
Misery loves miserable company
What other factors affect this?
How does gender affect affiliation?
First born and only kids strongest tendency to affiliate
Need to affiliate decreased progressively for later born kids
Exceptions...
Survival an issue (bypass)...prefer to affiliate w ppl went thru successfully not those who are miserable
Females spend more time in conversation, more likely to talk to ppl of same sex and may affiliate more than males in public. Female friendships depend more on verbal communication.
Male friendship out of shared activities.
41
Discuss the variables related to interpersonal attractiveness.
1. Physical proximity
2. Similarity
3. Complementarity
4. Physical attractiveness
5. Self disclosure
6. Reciprocity
7. Cost and benefits
Like ppl near us
Due to mere exposure effect...repeated contact is sufficient to increase attraction
Some say just provides opportunity for intx; not guarantee positive intx
Like ppl similar..age, education, religion, personality, attitudes...
Fits between opposites may increase attraction, ESP behavior, resources (beautiful women and rich guy). Couples have fit of abilities..competent in different area.
Attracted to ppl more attractive. Begins early. Attractive kids tend to be more popular. Maybe bc what is beautiful is good bias...physically attractive ppl believed to possess other desirable characteristics
Self disclosure increases liking if moderate, gradual, appropriate to situation and reciprocal. Like ppl is self disclosure is same as ours.
Like others who like us. Not as much if they indiscriminately like everyone. Greatest impact if first rx negative and then warms up.
42
The cost and benefits model of affiliation posits:
1. Seek relationships that offer greater rewards than costs
2. Positive and negative emotions arise when one persons behavior disconfirms others expectations. When deviate, strong emotions result.
3. Earlier part of relationships, maximizing own gains is important but over time both want to maximize joint rewards.
4. Fewer expectations in the beginning of a relationship, greater chance of being surprised and feeling strong emotion.
Cost and benefits is the social exchange theory and includes answers 1, 3.
Emotion in relationships model
Answers 2,4
Also, over time when meeting ea others expectations and running smoothly then less likely to experience positive or negative emotions. Also underestimate importance of relationship at this time. Dramatic discrepancy then lots of emotion.
If unrealistic expectations then destined to be repeatedly disconfirmed. Results in chronic negative emotion.
43
Bystander apathy is caused by which of the following?
1. Evaluation apprehension
2. Confusion of responsibility
3. Diffusion of responsibility
4. Social influence
Will help if
Distress conspicuous (obvious)
If directly affected.
1,3,4 correct!
Afraid others will disapprove or will do something wrong or ppl get their late and think they are responsible. People evaluate potential costs of intervening.
When others present, feels others will help. Diffusion of responsibility. Greater number of bystanders, less likely will help
Social influence ...
Look to others for cues (social influence) when ambiguous. Others not helping think there is a reason and not Er
Fear acting will lead to disapproval or be embarrassing (if act and wrong)
2 found by other researchers
Don't wanna be seen as responsible for their misfortune by others who come upon the scene.
44
What are the reasons besides bystanders that impact ppls willingness to help?
Problem obvious and distress obvious more likely ppl help
Someone already intervened then bystanders more likely help
Bystanders in rural areas more likely to help. Urban ppl have stimulus overload..due to constant stimuli they tune out to prevent being overwhelmed.
Increased documentation of ppl helping and showing a capacity for caring
Cultural. Us kids lowest on pro social scale. Filipino, Kenya , Mexican kids highest. Hi where kids responsible for cooperating w family members. ESP older kids help care and raise younger ones.
Related to number of sibs have and greater level of attachment. More prosocial w more kids.
45
When given the choice to cooperate for joint gains or compete to maximize individual gains, ppl pick compete. Give example.
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Prisoners dilemma
Role play subjects in crime.
Confess or stay silent.
Both silent...minor charges
One confesses they get immunity and other severe punishment.
Both confess, both severe.
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Tend to confess in hopes to beat out other.
46
Discuss two types of aggression:
Instrumental
Hostile
What influenced aggression?
Instrumental...means to an end
Football players rough handling of ball
Hostile. Venting emotions
Learning influences aggression.
Bandura showed kids imitated aggressive behaviors. Bobo doll
More successful, powerful, liked, familiar more they imitate.
Can learn from a model (tv)
47
What does the frustration aggression hypothesis posit?
What is the current thinking about it?
What is the related catharsis theory?
Frustration always leads to aggression
Aggression always preceded by frustration.
May displace if inhibited due to punishment fear or lack access to target
Expanded to frustration can lead to many responses.
Now say many intervening variables.
Now say old theory considered too simple to be useful or valid.
Catharsis model says aggressive act or witnessing one can reduce tendency to do others. Instead found may increase aggressive behavior.
48
What factors impact aggression?
Temperature
Crowd
Deindividuation
Hi temperature associated w hi crime rates. Less for nonviolent crimes. More for violent crimes.
Deindividuation in a crowd increase likelihood of aggression along w loosening of restraints against deviant behavior. When deindividualted attend less to internal stds of conduct, rx more to immediate situation, less sensitive to long term consequences. Can occur wout crowd (anonymous sit, loud music deflects...)
49
Describe relational aggression.
Proactive
Reactive
Any behavior intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating relationships w others.
Proactive..means to achieving a goal. Ie. exclude so to keep status
Reactive..response to provocation w intent to retaliate
Ignore, tease, exclude, insult, mean gossip, rumors, intimidation, alliance building, wdraw affection, cyber bullying
Motivation is varied...power, control, fear, popularity, security.
Kids like this tend to interpret ambiguous behaviors of peers as intentionally hostile and react.
50
Discuss sheriffs auto kinetic study on conformity and aschs study.
Sheriffs was one of the first major studies in social psych. Dark room w lite. Alone estimate how far it moved. Actually motionless. Illusion (auto kinetic effect). Grps of 3...estimates converged and reached agreement ant how far.
Asch...line length alone made no errors.
Grps 5 to 15 confederates...75 % of naive subjects conformed at least once. Overall conformity rate 35% wrong answers.
51
Which type of conformity did sheriffs and aschs study tap?
1. Informational conformity
2. Obedience conformity
3. Normative conformity
4. Authoritarian conformity
Sherif...informational conformity
Use others behavior as source of accurate info so don't make mistake ESP if insure of own accuracy.
Asch...normative conformity
Going along w the grp due to grp pressure...want to be accepted by the grp and avoid criticism.
52
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Describe the factors that affect conformity (implicit grp norms)
Group size
Unanimity
Ambiguity
Cohesiveness
Personality characteristics
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1. Conformity increase w grp size up to a point. 3 or 4 , additional negligible
2. Unanimity
Even one dissenter from majority substantially reduced conformity.
Even if dissenter has diff opinion that subject.
3. Conformity more likely when situation (ie. size diff harder to detect). Like social comparison theory...look to others in ambiguous situations.
4. Greater cohesiveness, greater conformity
5. Low self esteem, low intelligence, high need for approval, authoritarianism increase conformity.
Also,
Deviancy...if we feel different and want to avoid a negative outcome more likely to conform
More different your position, more pressure to conform.
Less likely to conform if can express anonymously.
53
Minority influence is minorities exert influence based on their style of behavior. What are the conditioning a that the minority will influence?
1. Minority doesn't waver on position
2. Minority is not a familiar member of a social grp arguing for grps interest
3. Minority not seen as rigid, imbalanced or biased.
4. minority has a consistent position
All.
Minority can have influence but price. Perceived as competent and honest but also disliked.
To become a leader or challenge a majority must first conform to establish self as competent insider. By doing so earn idiosyncratic credits or brownie points. Once collected, attempts to deviate or become a leader will be more accepted. In other words they have developed a track record of conforming and an established insider. Can occasionally deviate and have opinions accepted.
54
# Define psychological reactance:
1. Grp pressure produce the opposite . Perceive sense of control or freedom of choice
Threatened, there will be an attempt to re establish that freedom. (Act opposite). So sometimes higher pressure leads to the opposite response.
True!!
55
Compliance (explicit grp norms)
Define 3 techniques:
Foot in the door
Door in the face
Low balling
Foot in the door. Increase compliance by asking for A small request and go to bigger one. Once observe selves complying w small will go to big bc wanna be consistent.
Door in face. Lg request will be rejected so come back w more reasonable request. 50 % did second request and took kids for 2 hrs vs work for free. 17% complied when second request was presented alone.
Low balling
Secure agreement w request and then increase the size by revealing hidden costs.
Effective even though ppl know mislead.
56
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Milgrims obedience to authority studies, how many administered what they thought were fatal shocks?
2/3
50 percent
1/3
Zero
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A. Found we underestimate the degree to which we obey an authority we perceive as legit.. Surveyed psychiatrists before and they thought only 1 % would go to the highest voltage. Instead it was 65 %
Also, asked subjects before to what degree they and others would shock...underestimated the degree they all would comply
When at run down place vs Yale, obedience decreased to 48%
Expter out of room giving orders, less than 25% went to fatal level. Some under this condition lied and said they were but they weren't.
57
Which statement is least likely to represent the obedience to authority research?
1. When a person is perceived as legitimate authority, obedience increases.
2. Will hurt victim who is anonymous then one present
3. More subjects reported to do it will increase obedience
4. Made to feel authority vs self held responsible for consequences, more likely to obey.
5. Willing to obey destructive authority at much greater rate than experts would guess.
3 is made up.
Presence of others who do not obey authority substantially decreases obedience.
58
Match the definition with the types of social power.
1. Belief power holder has special knowledge or expertise
2. Holders ability to reward others
3. Attraction to or desire to be like the holder of power.
4. Recognition of holders valid authority in a given situation. Police, ppl w social status
5. Holders ability to punish others
1. Expert power
2. Reward power
3. Referent power
4. Legitimate power
5. Coercive power
Informational power was added by another theorist and is based on a persons specific , desired piece of information.
Leaders who combine expert and referent power tend to be most effective. Based more on characteristics of person than situation. Combo is likely to result on greater acceptance of the leader and greater long term effectiveness.
59
The tendency to strive toward unanimity at the expense of rational decision making, often resulting in a very poor decision is:
1. Group think
2. Social loafing
3. Group polarization
4. Social facilitation
1. Correct! ESP likely in highly cohesive grps w strong leader, when grp is under stress, and when grp consists of ppl from similar backgrounds.
2.ind productivity declines when work as a grp. When others there to pick up the slack, ppl slack off.
Called social disease bc neg consequences for institutions. Tasks that are simple, boring, and require same effort ...loaf. If think contributions are identifiable or unique then reduced or gone. Also gone if task is personally relevant, challenging, or highly attractive.
3. Grps of like minded ppl tend to make more risky decisions than would individually.
4. Presence of others improves performance on simple tasks or well learned but decreases performance on complex tasks. Presence of others increases drive/arousal. Some disagree and say it only impacts performance if in position to evaluate that performance.
60
The degree of the risky shift depends on:
1. If members know positions before discussion, then increases
2. If dont know positions before hand, then increases
3. More persuasive arguments in favor of a particular position, more it occurs.
4. More likely if members think the grp is an in group .
2. Doesn't belong!
Risky shift equals group polarization
In general, grp decision making is bette than individual
61
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Describe the factors involved in group think:
Hi cohesiveness
Similar backgrounds
Group isolation from others
Presence of strong leader
Lack of systematic procedures for making and reviewing decisions
Presence of a stressful situation
Likely in new grps
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All !
Also decisions tend to be impulsive and irrational.
Janis
Reduce w devils advocate
Bring in outsiders
Leader doesn't give an opinion
62
What are the symptoms of group think and the strategies to overcome it?
Sx
Overestimation of group called illusion of invulnerability.
Closed mindedness
Increased pressures toward uniformity
These factors preclude looking at all possible alternatives resulting in defective decision making.
Reduce group think by:
Bring in outsiders
Leader refrains from taking a strong position and encouraging criticism of his judgements; impartial
Encourage norm of critical review w independent subgroups to work on same policy issue; assign a devils advocate; second chance meeting where preliminary decision is reconsidered.
63
Brainstorming is best done:
Groups of 3 or 4
Alone
All shouting out ideas
B. quantity and quality of ideas better alone.
64
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What are the four types of group tasks and their definitions?
Additive
Conjunctive
Disjunctive
Compensatory
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1. Additive...sum of all members contributions. Individual effort important and not as good wout ea contribution. Cheering at game.
2. Conjunctive...grp product determined by individual w poorest performance. Ie. mountain climbing
3. Disjunctive...grp performance as good as best performance of one of its members. Ad agency...best idea used. Can get better w education, training, member selection.
4. Compensatory..grp product determined by average member
Ie. all same grade for presentation
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Mediation involves 3 activities:
1. Modify conflict
2. Clarify issues and identify alternatives
3. Increase motivation to reach agreement
How is this different from an arbitrator?
Mediator is a neutral third party e no authority to impose an agreement. Facilitator.
Arbitrator
Authority to strongly recommend or dictate final agreement.
Types..voluntary, binding, final offer.
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The social distance scale:
1. Ppl rate an object in terms of many items that assess favorableness, power, or activity.
2. Attitudes toward different ethnic grps
3. Hook to a machine that supposedly records true feelings
1. Semantic differential scale
2. Correct.
3. Bogus pipeline
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Attitude has a behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimension.
Can conflict and show inconsistency.
Example..took Chinese couple cross country to all kinds of places. Prejudice rampant but refused service once. Wrote to places and asked if would serve them..said no.
Behavior and attitudes are weakly correlated.
So ppl express an attitude but behave differently.
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When are attitudes good predictors of behavior?
1. Measures of attitude and behaviors are specific
2. Attitudes are well informed and gained thru experience
3. Attitude is consistent w social norms.
4. Person able to follow through on intention
All Are true
Factors can prevent attitude from becoming a behavior. Norms influence. Leads to behavioral intentions which is not always followed through on.
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Sensory stimuli that are not attended to or focused on are lost or processed weakly. This is called:
1. Attenuation
2. Cognitive dissonance
3. Sensory memory slippage
4. Broadbents filter theory
1. Correct! We can only attend to so much sensory info . Many attentional bias as a result so we attend to what is most important to us.
4. First comprehensive theory of attention. Filter selects incoming messages that will be further processed based on physical properties of the message.
Ppl anxious attend to threatening stimuli
Cocktail party effect..attending while ignoring others unless very important stimuli like ur name is spoken.
High intensity stimuli like loud noises or bright colors, movement, repetition, strong contrasts, and novel stimuli draw attention.
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Cognitive dissonance:
1. Attitude change can result due to difference in attitudes and beliefs.
2. Occurs when we don't agree with people we like.
3. Theory of insufficient justification
1. Correct..internal negative state arises when a person experiences a contradiction between beliefs and behavior. When faced w this inconsistency we have dissonance or tension and motivated to reduce it so it is consistent w our behavior.
Pd to do boring task. 20 buck ppl reported boring. 1 buck ppl had dissonance and reported it was more interesting. For attitude change we have to believe behavior is voluntary.
2. This is true. Heiders balance theory is when a state if balance exists when we agree w ppl we like and disagree w ppl we don't like. (Liking and agreeing go together) If in state of imbalance (agree w sone dont like or disagree w so u do like) may change attitudes to restore balance or change our feelings toward the person (get balance back).
3. This is what happens sometimes w dissonance when actions are inconsistent w beliefs. So 20 bucks was sufficient justification for lying that expt was interesting.
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Later research found not all discrepancies cause dissonance and result in change. Four steps:
1. Disc repent behavior must have negative consequences. Like deceive so
2. Feel personally responsible for ax
3. Discrepancy must produce physiological arousal.
4. Must attribute arousal to own behavior.
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Attitude change in response to persuasive communication is due to communicator, communication, and audience. What are the important factors of a communicator?
Describe sleeper effect.
Communicator
More credible and likeable, more effective
Prestige, expertise
Credibility comes from competence
and trustworthiness
Trustworthy if argue against own self interest.
Trust those not trying to change our view. May change view more when overhear message vs directed to us.
Attractive
Similarity..demographics, ideology..
Sleeper effect...may forget source but not message over time.
So non credible communicators message impact increases over time. Credible one has immediate attitude change but this impact decreases over time.
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How much info should give when want to pursuade?
1. Brief
2. Long message if not listening
3. Short w lots of facts if listening
4. Short because weak or redundant info will make it less heard
1. Yep ?? And repeated.
2. Correct! Give impression have factual support.
3. Those listening should be long if lots of supporting info
4. If weak then longer lessens impact.
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Mere exposure effect regarding communication is:
1. Repeating same commercial
2. Better if moderately long
3. Better if spread out over time.
4. Repeated presentation of exact same info from exact same source
1. Yes...an example
2. Nope..brief is best
3. Yep..and spread out over time
4. Correct.
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Important characteristics of communication include:
1. Presenting both sides of an argument if educated and well informed.
2. Moderately discrepent message is most effective.
3. If give both sides, give opposing view first.
4. Hi fear does not produce change.
1. Correct. Plus if audience is initially opposed to issue give both. Protects against competing information. If give weakened version of opposite view bc more resistant to it later.
One sided better if initially favorable, poorly informed, relatively uneducated, and unlikely to hear other view.
2. Yes...Too discrepancy then change asked for is too radical. Not discrepancy then agree and no change. Intx of credibility and discrepancy. If hi credible..optimal level of discrepancy is higher than for a low credible. Hi can take more extreme position but is a limit.
3. Wrong! Side presented first has most impact if second comes right after and measure later time (primacy).
If first message and second message separated in time. Eval right after second then second better (recency).
Neither effect in place if messages right after ea other and assess right away or time between messages and ratings.
4. Fear with specific instructions on how to avoid dangers can be effective
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Who shows greater change after a persuasive message?
1. Low intelligence
2. Low self esteem
3. Female
4. Those forewarned
1, 3. Not found
Less intelligent may be less influenced by complex messages and more intelligent less influenced by illogical messages.
2. Correct ESP w simple message
Hi intelligence more persuaded w complex message.
4. Harder to change bc increased resistance.
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The elaboration likelihood model says:
1. Two routes to communicAtion
2. Well informed listeners take a peripheral route since they don't have to focus on the message (ie. attractiveness of communicator
3. Central route is when one thinks carefully about arguments content.
4. Peripheral route is when they focus on other cues and is best when message is easily learned.
1. Correct!
2. No! Take central route if well informed and not distracted. More likely when message is easily learned and stimulates listener to dwell on favorable thoughts.
3. Correct!
4. Peripheral route when distracted and uninformed.
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The relationship between attitudes and behaviors is:
1. Strong
2. Moderate
3. Weak
4. Moderated by a variety of other variables.
4.
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Which are true about crowding?
1. Response depends on if you are distracted.
2. Crowding has a big impact
3. Men affected more.
4. High density enhances positive feelings
1. True
Ie. seated close in good movie felt less crowded. Boring movie, feel crowded.
2. Questionable but does interact w other variables to influence feelings and behavior.
3. Men may be more sensitive and stressed by hi density. Inconsistent research though.
4. True..enhances whatever we r feeling..positive or negative
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Personal space had individual, situational, and cultural differences.
1. Those over 21 need more
2. High self esteem need more
3. Authoritarian ppl need more
4. Americans need more
5. Men need more
1, 3, 4, 5 true
| 2. Low self esteem need more.
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T or F
1. Atmosphere ionization..crisp neg charge in air after storm affects mood and attraction.
2. No impact of air pollution, lunar cycles on behavior
3. No impact of humidity on behavior
4. Physical and psychological damage to noise
5. Tv viewing associated w less reading, more poorly in school, less family intx
1 T
2 f neg impact
3. F neg impact
4. T. Unpredictability and uncontrollability most damaging.
Neg impact social behavior and performance. Increase aggressiveness and reduce helping
Live by sign noise..decrease perf on school tasks
5. T. As much as 1/3 waking hours. More time then anything but sleep. Linked to aggression and tolerating aggression. Reinforces traditional sex roles.
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Law..t or f
1. Children's memories Are as accurate as adults
2. Fewer than 12 in a jury more likely to convict
3. Judge gives instructions before and after evidence..enhances jurors recall and interpretation of evidence.
4. Physically attract get more lenient tx. Lighter sentences.
5. Graphic evidence lowers jurors standard of proof.
6. Pre trial publicity lends to conviction
7. In admissible evidence leads to forget it
8. Post event info can bias eyewitness memory.
1. F. But do not misremember touches that did not occur
2. T
3. T
4. T but use attractiveness in crime..harsher punishment.
5. T
6. T
7. F. Do not ignore but rely on that info more!
8. T. Due to reconstructive memory where info after becomes integrated into our memory.
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What makes up the hostility complex that is harmful in the type a personality?
What makes up hardy personality?
Cynical mistrust
Contempt for others
Tendency to readily express these feelings
Increases risk for coronary heart disease.
Hardy or resistant to physical effects of stress.
Sense of personal control over events. Helps w ability to control am illness and stressors. Gives higher overall psych and social adjustment.
Commitment or sense of purpose to work or activities
Challenge or healthy optimism..seeing life as series of challenges make ya stronger
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What does the buffer effect state regarding stress and social support?
Low stress social support not necessary for good health and it doesn't affect it.
Hi stress, hi levels of support buffer or protect against harmful effects of stress on physical health.
Modified to...direct relationship between actual social support (no of contacts) and physical health. So stress and level of actual support have direct and independent effect on physical health.
Hi perceived levels of suppose do buffer
So current version...if under great stress, hi perceived levels of support serve to protect against negative effects of that stress on physical health
85
What is the health belief model?
Examines reasons ppl unwilling to use preventative disease measures and screening tests available to them.
Good for understanding ppls individual health related decision making.
Perceived barriers is the individuals weighing the actions of effectiveness against perceptions that it may be expensive, dangerous, unpleasant, inconvenient, time consuming etc
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Terror management theory says anxiety comes from conscious aware dad humans have of the inevitability of their death. Manage with our cultural world view and self concept. Consensual validation or others agreement w worldview is critical for the effectiveness. Outside grp may threaten this system that provides security. When you encounter death or recently think about it what 4 things may happen?
1. Connect to ur world view..religion, national pride..
2. Increase prejudice vs outside grp
3. Long for structure, order, quick answers to problems
4. Foregoing careful consideration of all options
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Do additional review questions on pg 76.
ESP number 4!
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What fosters group cohesion?
Attraction to the group makes members wanna stay
Outside threat/conflict
Distinction between in and outgrp
Social and physical environment conducive to meeting and interacting (community)
Similarity in interests, activities, skills, abilities,....
Democratic leader who values good grp feeling and input into decision making
Most effective grps know ea others strength and weak areas. Easier to make decisions for grp to put into practice.
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The impact the minority has on the majority is impacted by the style they adopt. What is it?
Be legit members in grp
Consistent and consensual message
Seen as making sacrifices for cause
Seen as acting out of principle
By being firm and forceful their self assurance may prompt majority to reconsider. Influence is not immediate. Punctures illusion of unanimity. Become freer to express
90
Risky shift is groups make decisions that are riskier when in grps
Not universal. Decision dilemmas written that showed ppl more cautious in grps. Their initial leanings were reinforced. Motivated to dc a single stance due to desire to be correct and to be liked. What is this called?
Group polarization
| Grp enhancement of preexisting tendencies or strengthen the ave inclination of grp members
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When do targets resist a persuasive message best?
Flimsy argument
Oppose their argument/situation
Those inoculated..small amt of other argument heard to increase resistance)
Those forewarned abt content (If wanna be liked by communicator then will be persuaded).
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What is social role theory and apply zimbardos study to it.
Script theory which is we have roles or sets of behaviors that we are expected to perform. We internalize these roles w enough reinforcement.
Prison study had to stop bc roles defined how they behaved.
Pseudo pt study..showed roles influence perception of others
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Over justification hypothesis:
Internal and external locus of control
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Ratio of inputs/outputs
Gain loss theory
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B. decrease interest in activities once did for intrinsic motivation and now externally reinforced
Locus of control..attribution theory
Ratio inputs/outputs. Equity theory, cognitive theory of motivation
Gain loss. Like those who don't like us originally. Think we have gained something.
