Stages of learning Flashcards
(30 cards)
what are the 3 stages of learning?
cognitive
autonomous
associative
what’s the 1st phase of learning?
cognitive
what are characteristics of the cognitive phase?
-trial and error with success being enforced by coach
-unsuccesssful moves should be rehearsed and are often taught by demos
-important cues are highlighted by the teacher
what guidance is used in the cognitive stage?
mechanical and manual guidance with positive feedback
what’s the 2nd stage of learning?
associative
characteristics of the associative phase?
-often called the practice stage of learning
-includes a vast improvement in performance
-motor programmes are formed in this stage
what feedback occurs in the associative stage?
it occurs more often and the learner becomes aware of more complex cues
what’s an example of the cognitive phase of learning?
non-accurate passing and kicking incorrectly in football
what’s an example of the associative phase of learning?
close control of the football and developing the skill
what’s the 3rd stage of learning?
autonomous phase
characteristics of the autonomous stage?
-movements become almost automatic
-more understanding of strategy and tactics
-motor programmes are completely formed in the long term memory
what’s an example of the autonomous stage?
performer will be able to consistently pass accurately and control well
what’s a motor programme?
a generalised series of movement stored in the long-term memory and retrieved by a single decision
what’s operant conditioning?
involves shaping the environment to manipulate behaviour
when is operant conditioning mostly used?
in teaching motor skills and works on the principle that actions are made stronger by repitition
what can positive reinforcement do?
strengthen the S-R bonds. this link between a stimulus and a certain response
what are some strategies used to strengthen the S-R bonds?
allow early success
use mental rehearsal- going over the performance in the mind
practice the task as a whole
what does associatonist mean?
a group of theories related to connecting stimulus and response, referred to as S-R bonds
what’s Thorndike’s laws?
linked by operant conditioning and says how we fully develop S-R bonds depends on the extent that Thorndike’s laws are applied.
what’s the law of effect?
if the response is followed by a ‘satisfier’ then the S-R bond is strengthened. If the response is followed by an ‘annoyer’ then the bond is weakened. Pleasant outcomes are much more likely to motivate the performer to repeat the action
what’s the law of exercise?
repeating or rehearsing the S-R connections is more likely to strengthen them. If the desired response occurs, reinforcement is necessary
what’s the law of readiness?
the performer must be physically and mentally able to complete the task effectively.
what’s a sporting example of the law of effect?
a beginner rugby player trying a spin pass and is successful then the effect is a success, it will lead to the player trying to attempt the skill again, if the ball does not go in the correct direction the ‘effect’ is avoided in the future
what’s a sporting example of the law of exercise?
a gymnast practices a floor routine repeatedly, the S-R bonds are repeated. The more repetition the more likely the response will be bonded to a particular stimulus
