Stress and its Effects

Question 1

Define Stress

Answer 1

is “any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities”.

Question 2

We first make a _______ or initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings.

Answer 2

Primary Appraisal

Question 3

If viewed as stressful, we make a _______ or an evaluation of our ability to cope.

Answer 3

Secondary Appraisal

Question 4

Define Ambient Stress

Answer 4

refers to chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment.

Question 5

What are the four major characteristics?

Answer 5

Stress is command, everyday event
Stress is subjective
Ambient stress
Stress in influenced by culture

Question 6

What are the three basic categories for sources of stress?

Answer 6

Acute Stressor
Chronic Stressor
Anticipatory Stressor

Question 7

Define: Acute Stressors

Answer 7

“threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint”.

Question 8

Chronic Stressor are?

Answer 8

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit”.

Question 9

An “upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening”.
This stressor is unique to humans is an

Answer 9

Anticipatory Stressor

Question 10

What three levels do stress responses occur at?

Answer 10

Emotional responses
Physiological responses
Behavioral responses

Question 11

The three major negative emotional responses are?

Answer 11

Annoyance, anger, and rage

2. Apprehension, anxiety, and fear
3. Dejection, sadness, and grief

Question 12

Some Positive Emotional responses can be?

Answer 12

Increase creativity, flexibility in problem-solving, and

Enhance immune system functioning, increase valuable social support, and promote proactive coping.

Question 13

What is the inverted U Hypopesis?

Answer 13

the relationship between emotional arousal and task performance tend to resemble an inverted U, as increased arousal is associated with improved performance up to a point, after which higher arousal leads to poorer performance. The optimal level of arousal for a task depends on the complexity of the task. On complex tasks, a relatively low level of arousal tends to be optimal. On simple tasks, however, performance may peak at a much higher level of arousal.

Question 14

Which responses is ““a physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy”.
It occurs in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 14

The fight or flight responses

Question 15

What are the two division of the Autonomic nervous system?

Answer 15

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

Question 16

What is Hans Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome ?

Answer 16

is a “model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages” (see Fig. 3.11).

1. Alarm phase – initial response to threat, fight-or-flight response engages.
2. Resistance phase – if threat continues, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins.
3. Exhaustion phase – if the threat continues too long, the body’s resources are depleted, leading to physical exhaustion and illness.

Question 17

Which two brain-body pathways control are physiological responses?

Answer 17

1. The Catecholamine Pathway – hypothalamus activates sympathetic system; adrenal glands release catecholamines that mobilize the body for action.
2. The Corticosteroid Pathway – hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to secrete ACTH; adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids that increase energy

Question 18

Bahavioral responses in stress usually reffer to?

Answer 18

Coping or active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the demands created by stress

Question 19

What are some coping responses?

Answer 19

Healthy,
trying to solve the problem by asking for help or find a solution

Unhealthy
ignoring problem, indulging in alcohol, or excessive eating

Question 20

What are some effect of stress?

Answer 20

Impaired task performance
Disruption of cognitive function
Burnout
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 
Psychological disordrs and problem
Psychosomatic diseases (Physical illness)

Question 21

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Is?

Answer 21

“involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event”.
Symptoms include
Re-experiencing trauma via nightmares, flashbacks.
Emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations.
Elevated arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

Question 22

What are some positive effects of stress

Answer 22

It can promote positive psychological change, or posttraumatic growth.
It can help satisfy a need for stimulation and challenge.
It can inoculate us against future stress.

Question 23

What are some moderator variables that can reduce stress?

Answer 23

Social support
Hardiness
Optimism

Question 24

Can you reduce stress with self-control?

Answer 24

Yes, using Behavior modification – “is a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning”.

Question 25

Secondary appraisal refers to:
A. second thoughts about what to do in a stressful situation.
B. second thoughts about whether an event is genuinely threatening.
C. initial evaluation of an evernt’s relevance threat, and stressfulness.
D. Evaluation of soping resources and options for dealing with a stressful event.

Answer 25

D. Evaluation of soping resources and options for dealing with a stressful event.

Question 26

Don Just completed writing a 10-page report when he went to sae it, the computer crashed and he lost all his work. What type of stress is Don experiencing?
A. Frustration
B. conflict
C. Life change
D. pressure

Answer 26

A. Frustration

Question 27

Betty is having a hard time deciding whether she should buy a coat. On the one hand, it is a name brand coat on sale for a great price. On th other hand, it is an ugly mold-green color. Betty is experiencing what type of conflict?
A. approach-approach
B. Avoidance-avoidance
C. approach-avoidance
D. Life change

Answer 27

C. Approach-avoiance

Question 28

The optimal level of arousal for a task appears to depend in part on.
A. one’s position on the optimism/pessimism scale
B. How much shysiological schange an evernt stimulates..
C. the complexity of the task at hand
D. How imminent a stressful event is.

Answer 28

C. the complexity of the task at hand

Question 29

The fight-or-flight response is mediated by the
A. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
B. sympathetic division of the endocrine system
C. Visceral division of the peripheral nervous system.
D. Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 29

A. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 30

Seye exposed lab animals to various stressors and found that
A. each type of stress caused a particular physiological response.
B. Each type of animal responded to stress differently
C. patterns of physiological arousal were similar regardless of the type of stress.
D. Patterns of physiological arousal were different, even when stressors were similar.

Answer 30

C. patterns of physiological arousal were similar regardless of the type of stress.

Question 31

Salvador works as an art director at an advertising agency. His boss overloads him with responsibility but never gives him any credit for all his hard work. He feels worn dwn, disillusioned, and helpless at work. Salvador is probably experiencing:
A. an alarm reaction
B. burnout
C. Posttraumatic stress isorder
D. a psychosomatic disorder

Answer 31

B. Burnout

Question 32

Stress can \_\_\_\_\_ t functioning of the immune system.
A. Simulate
B. destroy
C. suppress
D. Enhance

Answer 32

C. Suppress

Question 33

Joan has a personal disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control. She appears to be stress tolerant. This dispositonis referred to as: 
A. Hardiness.
B. Optimism
Ccourage
D. cnscientiousnes

Answer 33

A. Hardiness

Question 34

A system providing for symbolic reinforcers is called a(n)
A. Extinction system
B. token economy
C. endocrin
system
D. symbolic reinforcemtnt system

Answer 34

B. Token economy