Structure of the neck and cervical spine

Question 1

What are the boundaries of the neck

Answer 1

base of skull and inferior border of the mandible

top of sternum, clavicle and acromonium and c7 vertebrae

Question 2

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck

Answer 2

inferior border of the mandible, anterior edge of SCM, midline of neck

Question 3

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck

Answer 3

posterior egde of SCM, middle 3rd of clavicle, anterior edge of trapezius

Question 4

what are the 5 compartments of the neck

Answer 4

visceral
2x vascular compartment
vertebral compartment
musculofascial collar

Question 5

what are the functions of fascia

Answer 5

containment and rigid support for muscles and viscera

slipperiness for structures to slide over each other

condiut for passage of nerves and other vessels

Question 6

what are the layers of superficial fascia in the neck

Answer 6

subcutaneous tissue and platysma

continuous with superficial fascia of the thorax
connects to mandible and facial muscles
cutaneous nerves, lymph nodes etc present

Question 7

what muscles does the investing fascia surround

Answer 7

SCM, trapezius, infrahyoid

also parotid and submandibular glands

Question 8

what structures pierce the deep fascia

Answer 8

ext and ant jugular vein

several nerves including cervical plexus

Question 9

what are the posterior attachments of investing fascia

Answer 9

ligamentum nuchae & C7 spinous process, surrounds trapezius

Question 10

what are the anterior attachments of investing fascia

Answer 10

surrounds infrahyoid and SCM, hyoid bone

Question 11

what are the superior attachments of investing fascia

Answer 11

ext occ.protuberance & sup nuchal line

Question 12

what are the inferior attachments of investing fascia

Answer 12

spine of scapula, acromion, clavicle, manubrium (see suprasternal space)

Question 13

what are the lateral attachments of investing fascia

Answer 13

mastoid process & zygomatic arch

Question 14

what are the components of fascia in the visceral column

Answer 14

anteriorly: pretracheal
posteriorly: buccopharyngeal
laterally: fuses with the carotid sheath as alar fascia

Question 15

where does alar fascia end

Answer 15

c7

Question 16

what are the boundaries of the buccopharyngeal fascia

Answer 16

base of skull to thoracic cavity

Question 17

what are the boundaries of pretracheal fascia

Answer 17

extends from hyoid bone to upper thoracic cavity

blends with fibrous pericardium and aortic arch

Question 18

what gland is found in the visceral column

Answer 18

thyroid

Question 19

what is found in the vertebral compartement

Answer 19

vertebral column, pre and post vertebral muscles

scalenes, longus, colli, longus capitus, deep cervical muscles

Question 20

what fascia does prevertebral fascia blend with

Answer 20

endothoracic fascia

inferior and anterior longitudinal ligament at T3/4

Question 21

what forms the axillay sheath

Answer 21

prevertebral fascia extends laterally over the first rib to surround axillary vessels and brachial plexus

Question 22

where does the prevertebral fascia extend posteriorly

Answer 22

along superior nuchal line to ext. occipital protuberance

Question 23

where does the prevertebral fascia extend anteriorly

Answer 23

to basilar part of occipital bone, area of jugular foramen and carotid canal

Question 24

where does the prevertebral fascia extend laterally

Answer 24

mastoid process

Question 25

what ligament does prevertebral fascia attach to

Answer 25

ligementum nuchae

Question 26

what structures are found in the carotid sheath

Answer 26

``` common carotid internal carotid part of external carotid internal jugular vein cranial nerve 10 some cervical lymph nodes ```

Question 27

where is the carotid sheath

Answer 27

runs from foramen of carotid canal to aortic arch receives contributions from other layers of deep fascia due to its juxtaposition

Question 28

where is the pretracheal space

Answer 28

between the investing layer and pretracheal fascia extends between neck and superior mediastinum

Question 29

where is the retropharyngeal space

Answer 29

between buccopharyngeal fascia and prevertebral fascia | extends from base of skull to bifurcation of the trachea

Question 30

where is the third fascial space in the prevertebral layer

Answer 30

covers anterior surface of transverse process and bodies of cervical vertebrae, contains loose CT area extends from base of skull through posterior mediastinum to diaphragm

Question 31

what is the hyoid bone connected to

Answer 31

mandible, styloid process, thyroid cartilage, manubrium, scapulae

Question 32

what ligament is attached to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone

Answer 32

stylohyoid ligament

Question 33

what does the ligamentum nuchae attach to

Answer 33

ext occipital protuberance, foramen magnum, spinous process of cervical vertebrae. continuous the supraspinous ligament

Question 34

what is the function of ligamentum nuchae

Answer 34

supports head and resists flexion, attachment point for muscles

Question 35

at what level is the vertebral prominens

Answer 35

c7

Question 36

what are the features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 36

bifid spinous processes (c2-6) foramen transversarium

Question 37

what level is the atlas bone

Answer 37

c1

Question 38

what vertebra is the axis

Answer 38

c2

Question 39

what are the features of the atlas

Answer 39

no body spinous process is a tubercle facets articulate with occipital condyles of skull/ dens

Question 40

what movements does the atlanto occipital joint allow

Answer 40

flexion and extension (condyloid joint)

Question 41

what movements does the lateral atlanto axial joint allow

Answer 41

rotation of head | assisted by transverse ligament of atlas holding the dens in position

Question 42

what is the function of the alar ligaments

Answer 42

prevent excessive rotation of the head and neck, connect dens to occipital condyles

Question 43

between which two vertebrae is there no intervertebral disc

Answer 43

c1 and 2

Question 44

what structures can be damaged in a whiplash injury

Answer 44

anterior longitudinal ligament vertebrae may become fractured or dislocated

Question 45

what level is the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Answer 45

c3/4 also top of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

Question 46

what level is the lower border of the pharynx and larynx

Answer 46

c6 also upper border of trachea and oesophagus