Surface Anatomy of Heart

Question 1

What does the pericardiac sac consist of?

Answer 1

Fibrous part
Parietal layer
Serous layer

Question 2

What does the fibrous part of the pericardial sac consist of?

Answer 2

Ligament to the stenum (sternopericardial ligament)

Question 3

What happens to the ligament to the sternum?

Answer 3

It inferiorly blends with the diaphragm

Question 4

What does the sternopericardial ligament do?

Answer 4

Holds the heart in place

Question 5

What is the parietal layer?

Answer 5

The outer layer

Question 6

What is the serous layer?

Answer 6

The inner layer

Question 7

What does the serous layer attach to?

Answer 7

The heart and great vessels

Question 8

How are the parietal and serous layers related?

Answer 8

It is one continuous layer that is reflected back on itself

Question 9

What is found between the parietal and serous layers?

Answer 9

A thin layer of fluid

Question 10

What does the thin layer of fluid between the parietal and serous layer do?

Answer 10

Gives a frictionless environment

Question 11

What is the name of the nerves that supply the heart?

Answer 11

Phrenic nerves

Question 12

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerves?

Answer 12

C3, 4, 5

Question 13

What do the phrenic nerves supply?

Answer 13

Motor and sensory to the diaphragm

Sensory to the pericardium

Question 14

What is the course of the phrenic nerves?

Answer 14

They descend anterior to the lungs, and then the right descents over the right atrium, and the left over the left atrium

Question 15

What is the heart surrounded by?

Answer 15

Dual layered pericardium

Question 16

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 16

Deep to the sternum, inferior to the great vessels, and superior to the diaphragm

Question 17

What is the anterior pericardial surface attached to?

Answer 17

The posterior surface of the sternum, via the sternopericardiac ligaments

Question 18

What is the inferior pericardial surface fused with?

Answer 18

The diaphragm

Question 19

What consists the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 19

Right atrium and ventricle

Question 20

What consists the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 20

Left atrium and ventricle

Question 21

What is the left border of the heart?

Answer 21

Left ventricle

Question 22

What is the inferior surface of the heart?

Answer 22

Right ventricle

Question 23

What is the right border of the heart?

Answer 23

Right atrium

Question 24

What are the blood vessels od the heart?

Answer 24

The coronary arteries and the cardiac veins

Question 25

What do the blood vessels of the heart do?

Answer 25

Carry blood to and from most of the myocardium

Question 26

Where to the coronary blood vessels run?

Answer 26

Across the surface of the heart, just deep to the epicardium, normally embedded in fat

Question 27

What is the first branch of the aorta?

Answer 27

The coronary arteries

Question 28

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 28

From the left and right aortic sinuses

Question 29

Where do the aortic sinuses arise from?

Answer 29

The root of the aorta, just superior to the aortic valve

Question 30

Where do the aortic sinuses pass?

Answer 30

Around opposite sides of the pulmonary trunk

Question 31

What does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 31

The right atrium, SA and AV nodes, and posterior parts of the IVS

Question 32

What course does the RCA take on the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 32

In travels in the right atrioventricular groove, passing posteriorly between the right atrium and ventricle. In then gives off the sinuatrial branch It continues down the atrioventricular groove, and gives off right marginal branch After giving off this branch, it turns to the left and continues in the atrioventricular groove to the posterior aspect of the heart

Question 33

What % of people have a sinuatrial nodal branch?

Answer 33

60%

Question 34

What does the sinuatrial nodal branch supply?

Answer 34

The SA node

Question 35

What does the right marginal branch supply?

Answer 35

The right border of the heart

Question 36

Where does the right marginal branch run?

Answer 36

Towards (but does not reach) the apex of the heart

Question 37

What course does the RCA take on the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 37

Gives rise to atrioventricular nodal branch Then gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch The terminal RCA then continues for a short distance in the posterior atrioventricular groove

Question 38

Where does the RCA give rise to the atrioventricular nodal branch?

Answer 38

At the junction between the four heart chambers (the crux)

Question 39

What does the atrioventricular nodal branch supply?

Answer 39

AV node

Question 40

What % of people have a posterior interventricular branch?

Answer 40

67%

Question 41

What does the posterior interventricular branch do?

Answer 41

Descends inbetween the ventricles, supplying adjacent areas of both ventricles and sending perforating interventricular septal branches into the interventricular septum

Question 42

What does the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 42

Most of the left atrium and ventricle, IVS and AV bundles, may supply AV node

Question 43

What course does the LCA take on the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 43

In runs in the left atrioventricular groove, where it splits into two branches, the anterior interventricular artery (or left descending (LAD) artery) and the circumflex branch

Question 44

What course does the anterior interventricular artery take?

Answer 44

Runs in anterior interventricular groove to the apex, where it turns around the inferior border of the heart and commonly anatomoses with the posterior interventricular artery

Question 45

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

Answer 45

Adjacent parts of both ventricles, and the interventricular septum

Question 46

How does the anterior interventricular artery supply the interventricular septum?

Answer 46

Via interventricular septal branches

Question 47

What does the anterior interventricular branch give off in many people?

Answer 47

The diagonal artery

Question 48

Where does the diagonal artery run?

Answer 48

Down the anterior surface of the heart

Question 49

What course does the circumflex branch of the LCA take?

Answer 49

It follows the atrioventricular groove to the posterior surface of the heart

Question 50

What branches from the circumflex artery?

Answer 50

The left marginal branch | SA branch

Question 51

Where does the left marginal branch run?

Answer 51

Down the left margin of the heart

Question 52

What does the left marginal branch supply?

Answer 52

The left ventricle

Question 53

How does the circumflex artery terminate?

Answer 53

Most commonly in the AV groove | In one third of hearts, it continues to the posterior interventricular groove

Question 54

What % of people have the SA branch from the circumflex artery?

Answer 54

40

Question 55

What is the heart drained by?

Answer 55

Veins that empty into the coronary sinus, and partly by small veins that drain into the right atrium

Question 56

What are the veins of the heart

Answer 56

``` Coronary sinus Great cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins ```

Question 57

What is the main vein of the heart?

Answer 57

Coronary sinus

Question 58

Where does the coronary sinus run?

Answer 58

From left to right in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove

Question 59

What is the main tributary of the coronary sinus?

Answer 59

The great cardiac vein

Question 60

What is the first part of the great cardiac vein?

Answer 60

The anterior interventricular vein

Question 61

Where does the anterior interventricular vein begin?

Answer 61

Near the apex of the heart

Question 62

What course does the anterior interventricular vein take?

Answer 62

It ascends with the anterior IV branch of the LCA. It takes a left at the AV groove, and runs with the circumflex branch of the LCA to reach the coronary sinus

Question 63

What does the middle cardiac vein accompany?

Answer 63

The posterior IV branch (usually from RCA)

Question 64

What does the small cardiac vein accompany?

Answer 64

The right marginal branch of the RCA

Question 65

What are the anterior cardiac veins?

Answer 65

Several small veins that begin over the anterior surface of the right ventricle

Question 66

What course do the anterior cardiac veins take?

Answer 66

They cross over the AV groove, and usually end directly in the right atrium (i.e. not via the coronary sinus)