T12 - Diversity of Protists

Question 1

Three clades within excavata

Answer 1

1. diplomonads
2. Parabasalids
3. euglenozoans

Question 2

What are characteristics of diplomonads and parabasalids?

• how many cells?
• nutritional mode?
• characterizing difference?
• ecological role?

Answer 2

• unicellular, heterotrophic
• have modified mitochondria
• live in anaerobic environments
• often parasites

Question 3

Characteristics of euglenozoans as a whole

Answer 3

spiral/crystalline rods inside flagella

includes predatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and parasites

Question 4

two types of euglenozoans

Answer 4

kinetoplastids and euglenids

Question 5

Kineoplastids

Answer 5

have kinetoplasts

heterotrophic

Question 6

kinetoplasts

Answer 6

large masses of DNA

Question 7

Euglenids

Answer 7

have 1-2 flagella at one end of the cell

mixotrophs (both AUTO and HETEROtrophs)

Question 8

What is the evolutionary hypothesis of the SAR clade in terms of photosynthetic red alga?

Answer 8

secondary endosymbiosis: eukaryote inside eukaryote

Question 9

What are the three clades within the SAR supergroup?

Is the SAR supergroup polyphyletic?

Answer 9

1. Stramenopiles
2. Alveolates
3. Rhizarians

No, the SAR group is monophyletic.

Question 10

3 types of stramenophiles

characteristics of stramenophiles

Answer 10

diatoms, brown algae, oomycetes

• the S in SAR clade

Question 11

characteristics of diatoms

Answer 11

• Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
• unicellular
• diverse
• marine phytoplankton
• silica wall
• both ace and sexual

Question 12

characteristics of brown algae

Answer 12

• Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
• multicellular
• seaweeds
• no true roots, stems, or leaves
• alternation of generations

Question 13

what is special about the alternation of generations for brown algae stramenopiles?

Answer 13

the creation of zoopores
SEXUAL

Question 14

Characteristics of oomycetes

Answer 14

• Stramenophiles in the SAR clade
• filamentous, but NOT FUNGI
• heterotrophic
• both sexual and asexual
• decomposers and parasites

Question 15

Characteristics of clade alveolata

Answer 15

• the A in SAR clade
• membrane-bound sacs (alveoli)

Question 16

3 types of alveolates

Answer 16

1. Dinoflagellates
2. apicomplexans
3. ciliates

Question 17

Characteristics of Dinoflagellates

Answer 17

• alveolates in the SAR clade
• two flagella and alveoli supports cellulose plates
• diverse: aquatic photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, mixotrophs
• marine and freshwater phytoplankton

Question 18

Characteristics of apicomplexans

Answer 18

• alveolates in the SAR clade
• parasites
• spread via sporozoites
• require 2+ hosts

Question 19

sporozoites

Answer 19

the infectious cells that define apicomplexans

Question 20

zoospores

Answer 20

the spores brown algae specifically produce

Question 21

Characteristics of ciliates

Answer 21

• alveolates in the SAR clade
• use cilia to move and feed
• ACE, but can conjugate

Question 22

Characteristics of Rhizarians

Answer 22

• the R in SAR clade
• most are amoebas with threadlike psydopodia
• heterotrophs

Question 23

amoebas

Answer 23

protists that move and feed via pseudopodia

Question 24

psuedopodia

Answer 24

extensions of an amoeba’s cell surface

Question 25

Characteristics of archaeplastidia?

Answer 25

- cell walls made of cellulose

Question 26

characteristics of the label "algae"

Answer 26

- polyphyletic - single and multicellular - many are aquatic

Question 27

Characteristics of red algae

Answer 27

- clade archaeplastidia - red via pigment - multicellular - sexual reproduction

Question 28

characteristics of green algae

Answer 28

* clade archaeplastidia * paraphyletic * freshwater * evolved to plants

Question 29

two types of green algae

Answer 29

1. chlorophytes 2. charophytes (most related to land plants)

Question 30

characteristics of clade unikonta

Answer 30

- heterotophic - most have one flagellum, some none - root remains unsolved

Question 31

two clades under unikonta

Answer 31

1. amoebozoans 2. opsthokonts

Question 32

characteristics of amoebozoans

Answer 32

- in the unikonta clade - lobe/tube-like shaped pseudopodia - mostly unicellular, and can make multicellular structures

Question 33

What three groups are under amoebosoans?

Answer 33

1. slime moulds 2. tubulinids 3. entamoebas

Question 34

Characteristics of slime moulds

Answer 34

- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta - two types: plasmodial and cellular slime moulds

Question 35

plasmodial slime moulds

Answer 35

- unicellular supercell - brightly pigmented - form a mass AKA plasmodium

Question 36

cellular slime moulds

Answer 36

- multicellular aggregates - cells separate by membranes

Question 37

characteristics of tubulinids

Answer 37

- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta - diverse - unicellular - lobe/tube-shaped pseudopodia

Question 38

characteristics of entamoebas

Answer 38

- part of amoebozoans in group unikonta - intestinal parasites