T19 - Intro To Animals

Question 1

Fill in this sentence with regards to animals:
Animals are _ _ _ cellular, _ _ _ trophic [prokaryotes or eukaryotes?], with tissues that develop from _ _ _ layers.

Answer 1

Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

Question 2

What are the two types of tissue animals are known for? What types of cells are they made out of?

Answer 2

nervous and muscle tissue, made from nervous and muscle cells

Question 3

What does it mean when we say that animals are phagotrophic chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 3

phagotrophic - consumes food within their bodies
chemoheterotrophs - depend on external organic molecules for carbon and energy

Question 4

T/F: The diploid (2n) stage dominates the life cycle of the animal

Answer 4

TRUE, in contrast witht he haploid-dominated cycle in fungi

Question 5

T/F: The vast majority of animal species reproduce asexually.

Answer 5

FALSE. Sexual reproduction is dominant.

Question 6

Fission/Fragmentation

and which types of animals have it

Answer 6

When the organism splits into two or more parts that regenerate into complete organisms. More commonly found in invertebrates.

Question 7

Budding

Answer 7

When new individuals are formed through the outgrowths (buds) of existing organisms. (only in INVERTEBRATE animals)

Question 8

Parthenogenesis

Answer 8

when an embryo forms from an unfertilized egg cell. Found in both invertebrates and vertebrates

Question 9

What are the two main benefits of asexual reproduction?

Answer 9

• rapid population growth
• alternative to sexual reproduction in limited reproductive opportunities

Question 10

Fill in the missing steps in embryonic development:
1. Cleavage of zygote
2. ?
3. Creation of the blastula and ?
4. ?

Answer 10

1. Cleavage of the zygote
2. Eight-cell stage
3. Creation of the blastula and blastocoel
4. Gastrulation

Question 11

Blastula

Answer 11

A form of the embryo with an internal blastocoel

Question 12

blastocoel

Answer 12

the hollow opening within the blastula

Question 13

gastrulation

Answer 13

a process within animal embryonic development where the blastula walls fold inwards to make a “balloon within a balloon”

Question 14

gastrula

Answer 14

a form of the embryo resembling a balloon within a balloon

Question 15

archentron

Answer 15

the “inner balloon” of the gastrula

Question 16

blastopore

Answer 16

the opening that connects the archenteron to the outside

Question 17

Hox genes

Answer 17

genes regulating the development of body form

Question 18

indirect development

Answer 18

a form of development with intervening stages between the juvenile and adult stages

Question 19

direct development

Answer 19

a form of development where the juvenile is a smaller version of its adult form

Question 20

motile

Answer 20

able to move

Question 21

T/F: not all animals are motile

Answer 21

FALSE. All animals are motile in at least one stage in their life cycle.

Question 22

body plan

Answer 22

the set of morphological and developmental traits of animals

Question 23

ectoderm

Answer 23

outside germ layer

Question 24

endoderm

Answer 24

innermost germ layer (lines the archenteron)

Question 25

tissues

Answer 25

intergrated groups of specialized cells

with specialized functions

Question 26

diploblastic

Answer 26

two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Question 27

mesoderm

Answer 27

inner layer that allows for muscle and other organs

Question 28

triploblastic

Answer 28

3 layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 29

what is the purpose of coelom?

Answer 29

containing coelomic fluid

Question 30

what is the purpose of coelomic fluid?

Answer 30

• allows organs to shift without affecting the body as a whole (e.g. heart has the space to beat)
• cusioning from external impacts
• hydrostatic skeleton (structure)

Question 31

T/F: hemolymph is one of several forms of coelomic fluid

Answer 31

FALSE. they are two separate fluids

Question 32

What is the purpose of hemolymphs?

Answer 32

internal circulation, nutrient transport, waster removal, hydrostatic skeleton

Question 33

explain the differences in protostome and deuterostome in:
1. embryo cleavage
2. coelom formation
3. blastosphere develops into…

Answer 33

for protostomes…
1. spiral and determinate cleavage
2. coelom is formed through the splitting of the mesoderm
3. mouth

deuterostome
1. radial and indeterminate cleavage
2. formed through the folding of the mesoderm
3. anus

Question 34

which clade of animals is considered “true animals”

Answer 34

eumetazoa

Question 35

basic description of

deuterostomia

Answer 35

deuterostome embryonic development

Question 36

basic description of

ecdysozoans

Answer 36

shed their exoskeletons via ecdysis

Question 37

lophophore

Answer 37

feeding structure

Question 38

trochophore

Answer 38

developmental stage

Question 39

lophotrochozoans

Answer 39

feed via lophophore
developmental stage called a trochophore larva