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BIOL 108 > T32 - Reptiles and Birds > Flashcards

T32 - Reptiles and Birds Flashcards

1
Q

2 of the 5 characteristics of non-avian reptiles include:

  • thick, dry, waterproof, keratin SCALES
  • leathery eggshell

which other characteristics are missing from this list?

A
  • little parent care
  • ectotermic
  • 3-chambered heart
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2
Q

how long ago did the earliest reptiles come?

A

310 mya

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3
Q

Name the following niches of turtles:

  1. are they found in marine, terrestrial, freshwater, etc?
  2. where do they lay their eggs?
  3. are they all herbivores?
  4. are they anapsids, diapsids, or synapsids?
A
  1. all three!
  2. ALWAYS on land
  3. they can be either herbivores or carnivores
  4. they are anapsids, but they are descended from diapsids and are classified as such
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4
Q

Explain the following parts of a turtle/tortoise’s body plan:
1. shell
2. mouth/teeth
3. intromittent organ

A
  1. box-like, bony or cartilaginous, made of dorsal and ventral shields fused to their skeleton
  2. no teeth, only beaks
  3. single intromittent organ
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5
Q

Explain the defining body plan of a lepidosaur:

  1. dermal situation?
  2. scales?
  3. intromittent organ?
A
  1. teeth fused jaw
  2. overlapping scales
  3. hemipenis (2 organs, paired penis)
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6
Q

What are the two extant groups under lepidosaurs?

A

tuataras and squamates

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7
Q

What are the two body parts that separate tuataras from squamates?

A
  1. jaw: tuataras have no modified jaw strcuture
  2. no intromittent organ NO PENIS
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8
Q

What are the two body parts that separate squamates from tuataras?

A
  1. loosely jointed jaws and skull
  2. hemipenis
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9
Q

Snakes are one type of squamate, what is the other?

A

lizards

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10
Q

what are the differences between the two squamates, the snakes and the lizards?

A
  1. limbs: lizards
  2. external ears: lizards
  3. adaptations for capture and consumption: snakes
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11
Q

What are the similarities between snakes and lizards?

A
  • both predators and carnivores
  • both squamates
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12
Q

What is the only non-avian reptile that exhibits parental care?

A

crocodilians

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13
Q

explain the defining body plan of an archosaur:

  1. dermal planning
A
  1. socketed teeth (not fused to jaw)
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14
Q

What are the two types of crocodilians?

A

alligators and crocodiles

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15
Q

Explain the following characteristics of crocodilians:

  1. habitat
  2. predator/carnivore
  3. skull
  4. intromittent organ
  5. paternal care
A
  1. freshwater and marine, WARM regions
  2. predator
  3. elongated and flattened skulls
  4. single intromittent organ
  5. maternal care
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16
Q

Describe the two extinct diapsids of:

  1. Ichthyosaurs
  2. Plesiosaurs
A
  1. fish-lizards: short necks, fish-like tails
  2. near-lizards: long necks, long tails
    both marines
17
Q

Describe the two extinct diapsids of archosaurs:

  1. pterosaurs
  2. non-avian dinosaurs
A
  1. first flighty boys
  2. split into herbivores (ornithiscians) and carnivores (saurischians)

dont need to know the long names i dont think

18
Q

Which group of dinosaurs did birds evolve from?

A

theropods

19
Q

Describe the oldest known bird. What was its name?

present in birds include feathers and wings, but what features did it have that extant birds did not?

A

Archaeopteryx

its additional features included teeth, bony tail, wing claws

20
Q

Why are birds more diverse than their extant sister taxa, crocodilians?

A

birds underwent adaptive radiation after flight

21
Q

What are two body parts of birds that aid in the flight movement?

A
  1. wings with keratin feathers
  2. lightweight hollow bones
22
Q

what are three body parts of birds that help reduce weight and support flight?

A
  1. toothless beaks
  2. digestive systems adapted for flight
  3. reduced organs
23
Q

what are two body parts of birds that help increase energy and oxygenation for flight?

A
  1. endothermy for high metabolic energy
  2. four-chambered heart
  3. complex respiratory system
24
Q

Which environments can birds be found in?

A

terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments

25
Q

What kinds of consumers are birds?

A

predators, herbivores, scavengers, omnivores, depending on the species.

26
Q

What are the two purposes of preening?

A
  1. moving waxy secretions from glands to keep feathers supple and antimicrobial
  2. removing foreign particles such as parasites
27
Q

What are cloacas for birds?

A

shared opening for waste removal AND reproduction

28
Q

Are birds oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous

A

Oviparous, they lay eggs.

29
Q

T/F: because birds do not have an intromittent organ, they do not use internal fertilization in reproduction.

A

FALSE. They still have internal fertilization, just with cloacas transporting sperm.

30
Q

Precocial

A

chicks feeding themselves

31
Q

Altricial

A

chicks are helpless and featherless

BIOL 108 (23 decks)

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