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BIOL 108 > T16 - Gymniosperms > Flashcards

T16 - Gymniosperms Flashcards

1
Q

The components of a seed

A

[embryo + nutrients (food spupply)] in a protective seed coat

seeds are plant turduckens

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2
Q

Shared, derived traits of seed plants

A
  1. reduced gametophytes
  2. heterspory and non-dispersed spores
  3. ovules
  4. pollen
  5. seeds
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3
Q

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in non-vascular plants?

A

GAMETOPHYTES: independent, dominant
SPOROPHYTES: dependent

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4
Q

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in seedLESS vascular plants?

A

GAMETOPHYTES: independent
SPOROPHYTES: dominant, independent

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5
Q

What are the relative dominance and independences of gametophytes and sporophytes in seed vascular plants?

A

GAMETOPHYTES: microscopic, dependent
SPOROPHYTES: independent, dominant

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6
Q

What structure and type of spore produces male gametophytes in ALL seed plants?

A

MICROsporangia, MICROspores

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7
Q

What structure and type of spore produces female gametophytes in ALL seed plants?

A

MEGAsporangia, MEGAspores

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8
Q

T/F: Spores are technically dispersed in seed plants because they are seeds.

A

FALSE. Spores are not seeds, and they are not dispersed in seed plants

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of ovules, from external to internal?

A
  1. integuments (2n) - protection
  2. megasporangium (2n)
  3. megaspore (n)
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10
Q

What is the purpose of ovules?

A

the housing center of fertilization, they develop into seeds

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11
Q

What is the role of pollen in seed plants?

A

they carry MALE gametophytes?

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12
Q

What is the protective wall around pollen grains called?

A

sporopollenin

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13
Q

What cell process creates male gametophytes?

A

mitosis

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14
Q

What two cells compose male gametophytes? What do they become after pollination?

A
  1. Generative cells –> sperm nuclei
  2. Tube cell –> pollen tube
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15
Q

integument

A

the protective lining of an ovule, houses the megasporangium and megaspore

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16
Q

Describe in general terms the fertilization process through pollen

A

The pollen encounters the ovule, the pollen tube reaches out to discharge sperm nuclei within the ovule

17
Q

What are the 3 evolutionary advantages seeds have over spores?

A
  1. transportation through air, water, or animals
  2. external coats that protect the embryo
  3. supply of stored food
17
Q

What two groups in supergroup archaeplastidia fertilize AND disperse through air?

A

seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms

18
Q

What two groups in supergroup archaeplastidia fertilize in water BUT disperse through air?

A

byrophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts) and seedless vascular plants (lycophytes and monilophytes)

19
Q

What are the two types of seed plants?

A

Gymniosperms and Angiosperms

20
Q

Why were gymniosperms abundant during the Mesozoic period?

A

Changing drier conditions

21
Q

where are most gymnosperms found today?

A

conifers in northern latitudes

22
Q

the 4 phyla under gymnosperms

A
  1. cycadophyta
  2. gingkophyta
  3. gnetophyta
  4. coniferophyta
23
Q

are gymnosperms paraphyletic?

A

NO, they are monophyletic

24
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of cycadophyta?

A
  • large, palm-like leaves on unbranched stems
  • flagellated sperm
25
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum ginkgophyta?

A
  • bi-lobed leaves
  • separate male and female sporophyte trees
  • no longer wild
26
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum gnetophyta?

A

morphologically diverse, with 3 genera: gnetum, ephedra, and welwitschia

27
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of phylum coniferophyta?

A
  • dominant before angiosperms
  • mostly everygreens, all cone-bearing
  • adapted to cold, dry, habitats
28
Q

What are the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

A
  1. dominant sporophyte generation
  2. OVULES –> seeds
  3. POLLEN = male gametophyte
29
Q

Explain the heterosporous development of the pine tree’s cones

A
  1. small cones found higher in the tree have pollen
  2. big cones found lower in the tree have ovules
30
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of pinecones?

A
  • pollination via wind
  • seed dispersal via wind
  • slow fertilization and seed development processes

BIOL 108 (23 decks)

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