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Flashcards in T3 Slide W3 Deck (20)
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1
Q

What is Critical Appraisal?

A
  • A balanced assessment
  • Assessment of both process and results
  • Considers quantitative and qualitative dimensions
  • Undertaken by all health practitioners
2
Q

What is NOT Critical appraisal

A
  • Dismissal of research
  • Narrow critique of results
  • Based solely on statistical analysis
  • Only for experts
3
Q

Two skills central to the research process

A
  • Searching the literature
  • Critically appraising (or evaluating) the literature that exists
4
Q

Two purposes for literature review

A
  • Discover what has already been done in your area of interest
    • Chronological representation of ideas
    • Shows which ideas have been abandoned due to lack of support
    • Shows which ideas have been confirmed as “truths”
    • Discover what needs to be done in your area of interest
5
Q

Three types of sources for research

A
  1. General
  2. Secondary
  3. Primary
6
Q

General Sources

A
  • Overview of topic
  • Provides leads to further information Examples: newspapers, periodicals and magazines, Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature, New York Times Index
7
Q

Secondary Sources

A
  • Sources “once removed” from original research

Examples: review papers, anthologies of readings, textbooks, encyclopaedias

8
Q

Describe Journals

A
  • Collection of research articles published in a particular discipline
  • Most important primary source of information about a topic Examples: Australian Journal of Psychology Applied Psychology
9
Q

Process of review for Journals

A
  • Researcher submits article in format specified by journal
  • Editor distributes article to three reviewers ; peer review + blind review - FOUR possible recommendations
    • Accept outright
    • Accept with revisions
    • Reject with suggestions for revision
    • Reject outright
  • Editor conveys decision to author
  • Average rejection rate for top journals > 80%
  • Beware publication bias (significant results 3x more likely to be published compared to null results).
10
Q

What is APA manuscript?

A

The APA was “developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioural sciences, for clarity of communication, and to move the idea forward with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision”

11
Q

Why have Scientific Laboratory Reporting Standards?

A
  • Consistent standards aid in the comprehension and generalisation of study outcomes
  • Helps to understand how research was conducted
  • Based on research design not topic
12
Q

What does a manuscript look like? (10+2)

A
  • Title page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
    • Participants
    • Materials and Procedure
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Appendices
  • Author Notes
  • Footnotes
13
Q

The Title (10)

A
  • Approx. limit 12 words
  • Summarises the main idea of the manuscript
  • First impression!
  • Concise statement; identify variables/theoretical issues explored
  • Stand alone (fully explanatory) and suggest importance of idea
  • Statement of content for abstracting/search
  • Avoid irrelevant wording (e.g., “A study of…”)
  • Avoid abbreviations
  • Upper and lowercase
  • Centred between margins, upper half of page
  • Style – “Nitric Oxide and Inflammation: The Answer Is Blowing In the Wind.
14
Q

The Abstract (8)

A
  • Brief, but comprehensive, summary of the report; perhaps the most vital paragraph! Often written last
  • Dense with information (150-250 words*); keywords
  • Reader should understand purpose of paper, research approach, design, findings, and implications
  • Used for searching and catalogue (e.g., EndNote)
  • Most journals require an abstract
  • Should be accurate, non-evaluative, concise
  • Use past tense for describing manipulations, outcomes, etc.
  • Use present tense when describing conclusions drawn
15
Q

Abstract should contain (8+NB)

A
  • Start abstract on a new page, identified with running head
  • The problem (one sentence) and/or purpose
  • Description of participants (including notable characteristics)
  • Features of method
  • Basic findings (often including effect sizes and p values)
  • Conclusions
  • Implications/applications

N.B The above applies to an experimental report. However, the abstract may take different form based on different methods (e.g., meta-analysis, theory-based paper, case study, etc.)

16
Q

Introduction

A
  • No ‘Introduction heading’, but repeats title from title page (first letter of each word capitalised)
  • Introduce ‘The Problem’ Why is this important? How does this study relate to prior work in the field? What does it add? (e.g., previous inconsistencies, replication, extension, etc.)
  • Explore and detail previous research/evidence Go beyond citing authors as support – detail their work
  • Summarise relevant arguments (should not be a historical account)
  • If reporting controversies, avoid logical fallacies (e.g., ad hominem) Theoretical and practical implications (sell it to the reader!)
  • Aim and Hypothesis/es Test of a good introduction?
17
Q

The Introduction funnel

A
  • General
  • The Problem - Whats been done
  • The evidence found
  • Your approach
  • Fill in the gap in research
18
Q

What is Not Critical Appraisal?

A
  • Dismissal of research
  • Narrow critique of results
  • Based solely on statistical analysis
  • Only for experts
19
Q

Name two skills central to the research process

A
  1. Searching the literature
  2. Critical appraisal of existing literture
20
Q

Name two purposes for literature review

A
  • Discover what has already been done in your area of interest