TBL - prostaglandins

Question 1

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 1

Polunsaturated, oxygenated derivatives of C20 fatty acids

Question 2

Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What are the three C20 fatty acids that prostaglandins are derivatives of?

Answer 3

Arachidonic acid
DLGA
EPA

Question 4

What are prostaglandins classified according to?

Answer 4

the code of ring variants and the number of double bonds in their side chain

Question 5

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGE2?

Answer 5

R1 - =O

R2 - -OH

Question 6

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGD2?

Answer 6

R1 - OH

R2 - =O

Question 7

What are the R1 and R2 functional groups of PGF2a?

Answer 7

R1 - -OH

R2 - -OH

Question 8

PGD2 are produced during an inflammatory response. True or false?

Answer 8

False - during an immune response

Question 9

PGE2 are produced during an inflammatory response. True or false?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Which PG is produced during vasoconstriction?

Answer 10

PGF2a

Question 11

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid. True or false?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the role of prostacyclin in relation to platelets?

Answer 12

It is a potent vasodilator that inhibits platelet aggregation

Question 13

What is the role of thromboxane A2 in relation to platelets?

Answer 13

It is an inducer of platelet aggregation

Question 14

How many fatty acids are PGs made from?

Answer 14

20 carbon

Question 15

Arachidonic acid gives rise to which series of PG?

Answer 15

PGE2

Question 16

DGLA gives rise to which series of PG?

Answer 16

PGE1

Question 17

EPA gives rise to which series of PG?

Answer 17

PGE3

Question 18

A minimum of how many double bonds are needed to form a PG?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What are the two essential fatty acids for our body?

Answer 19

Omega 3 and omega 6

Question 20

COX metabolises arachidonic acid to a precursor. Which group of drugs block the action of COX?

Answer 20

NSAIDs e.g. aspirin

Question 21

What frees arachidonic acid from the cell membranes?

Answer 21

Phospholipase A2

Question 22

COX2 pathway is activated upon a physiological stimuli. True or false?

Answer 22

False - COX1 is activated

Question 23

What sort of stimuli activates the COX2 pathway?

Answer 23

A pathological stimulus

Question 24

At increased levels, prostaglandins make cells behave abnormally. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Which COX pathway results in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory PGs?

Answer 25

COX2

Question 26

Which COX pathway results in the production of thromboxane A2 and PGI2?

Answer 26

COX 1

Question 27

Prostaglandins are involved in renal function. True or false?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Prostaglandins are involved in bone remodelling. True or false?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

How many types of prostaglandin receptors are there?

Answer 29

5

Question 30

What are prostaglandin receptors called?

Answer 30

P receptors

Question 31

PG receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. True or false?

Answer 31

False - G-protein couple transmembrane receptors

Question 32

PG receptors are linked to cAMP and Na+ signalling. True or false?

Answer 32

False - cAMP and Ca2+

Question 33

What type of PGs do DP receptors bind?

Answer 33

PGD2

Question 34

What physiological significance does the binding of PGD2 to DP receptors have?

Answer 34

Vasodilation GI relaxation inhibition of platelet aggregation

Question 35

What type of PG binds to FP receptor?

Answer 35

PGF2a

Question 36

What physiological significance does the binding of PGF2a to FP receptor have?

Answer 36

Bronchoconstriction | Luteolysis

Question 37

The IP receptor bind PGI2. What does the binding to this receptor mediate?

Answer 37

Vasodilation Inhibition of platelet aggregation Fibrinolysis

Question 38

What binds to the TP receptor?

Answer 38

TXA2

Question 39

What does the binding of TXA2 to TP receptor mediate?

Answer 39

Vasoconstriction Platelet aggregation Bronchoconstriction

Question 40

EP1 receptor mediates GI contraction and pyrexia. True or false?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What does the EP2 receptor mediate?

Answer 41

Bronchodilation Vasodilation Stimulates GI fluid secretion

Question 42

What does the EP3 receptor mediate?

Answer 42

GI relaxation inhibition of gastric acid secretion Inhibition of of autonomic nervous system transmitters Pyrexia

Question 43

What do EP4 receptors mediate?

Answer 43

Vasodilation Bone homeostasis Pyrexia

Question 44

Arachidonic acid is involved in the omega 6 pathway. True or false?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What starts the omega 3 pathway off?

Answer 45

a- linoleic acid

Question 46

In the omega 6 pathway what follows on from linoleic acid?

Answer 46

GLA -> DGLA -> AA

Question 47

What starts the omega 6 pathway?

Answer 47

linoleic acid

Question 48

DHA is involved in the omega 3 pathway. True or false?

Answer 48

True

Question 49

EPA is found in the omega 6 pathway. True or false?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

EPA and DHA are found in plants. True or false?

Answer 50

False - oily fish are rich in EPA and DHA

Question 51

Fishy oil supplementation produces a dose-dependent increase of fasting blood TG but not total, HDL or LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidaemic subjects. True or false?

Answer 51

False - reduction in fasting blood TG

Question 52

LCPUFA are critical for infant and childhood brain development. True or false?

Answer 52

True

Question 53

DHA and EPA are high in western diets so no supplementation is required early on in life. True or false?

Answer 53

False - low in western diet so consider supplementation

Question 54

A reduction in PGI2 via use of NSAIDs leads to hypokalaemia and acute renal failure. True or false?

Answer 54

False - hyperkalaemia

Question 55

A reduction in PGE2 leads to increase in sodium retention, peripheral oedema, hypertension, increase in weight. True or false?

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Arthrotec is a composition of which two drugs?

Answer 56

Diclofenac and misoprostol

Question 57

How do prostaglandin analogues work in glaucoma?

Answer 57

They reduce intra-ocular pressure relieving the optic nerve; allowing fluid to drain freely

Question 58

Latanoprost and bimatoprost are what types of PG analogues?

Answer 58

PGF2a